EVALUATION OF 2018 LIFE SCIENCES CURRICULUM CONTENT

Primary school education is the first level of basic education in the Turkish Education System. The basic education is the stage where children start to develop both personally and academically. In the primary school period, in addition to literacy education in Turkish, children receive education related to other basic skills through such courses as mathematics, sciences and life sciences. Life sciences course is regarded as the pivotal lesson, which has been in the heart of all the other lessons from past to present. Life sciences curriculum underwent changes, starting from the first years of the republic, in the years of 1926, 1936, 1948, 1968 and 1998, 2004, 2009, 2015, 2017 and 2018. Considering the 2018 life sciences curriculum structure, which was revised last, it is observed that this curriculum is composed of general objectives, values, basic life skills, concepts, units and attainments. In 2018 life sciences curriculum, the themes were replaced by the units. Based on the unit-based approach of the life sciences curriculum, six units having the same titles namely "Life at Our School", "Life at Our Home", "Healthy Life", "Safe Life", "Life in Our Country" and "Life in Nature" were determined for three grade levels. In this study, the opinions of classroom teachers regarding the 2018 life sciences curriculum content were revealed. The sample of the study consisted of 323 classroom teachers, teaching the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades, chosen from the classroom teachers working in Pamukkale and Merkezefendi districts of Denizli province through simple random sampling method. The data in the study were collected via the "Evaluation of life sciences curriculum according to teachers' views" developed by Türkyılmaz (2011). The Cronbach Alpha value of the original scale was 0.895, and it was found to be 0.978 in this study. The classroom teachers presented their opinion by stating “I agree” about the appropriateness of the content in 2018 life sciences curriculum. The classroom teachers believed that the topic of "willingness to do research" is not sufficiently covered in 2018 life sciences curriculum. There is no significant difference in the opinions of the classroom teachers about the 2018 life sciences curriculum content according to gender, professional seniority, education level and the grade taught. Article visualizations

AN INVESTIGATION INTO CLASSROOM TEACHERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS LIFE SCIENCE TEACHING ACCORDING TO VARIOUS VARIABLES

This study was conducted to find out if classroom teachers’ attitudes towards life science teaching differ according to gender, teaching experience, and school location where they work. The study was carried out in Serinhisar and Acıpayam districts of Denizli in the 2021-2022 academic year. The data collection tools of the study were "The Life Science Teaching Attitude Scale" developed by Sarıkaya, Özgöl and Yılar (2017) and "Personal Information Form" designed by the researcher. According to the results obtained in the study, no significant difference was found in the classroom teachers’ attitude scores in the "loving" and "caring" subscales and their life science teaching total attitude scores. As a result of the analysis performed in terms of different variables (gender, teaching experience, school location where teachers work), no significant difference was found. In the findings, there was a significant difference only in the "appreciation" subscale scores according to the variables including gender, teaching experience and school location where teachers work. In the study, it was found that the classroom teachers' attitudes towards life science teaching were at a high level and no difference was found in the subscales of "loving" and "caring" among the attitude subscales. A significant difference was found only in the "appreciation" subscale.  Article visualizations

46,XX Karyotype in a Male with Ambigious Genitalia: A Case Report

40 days old case who were diagnosed with ambigious genitalia were sentto laboratory of cytogenetics. Mother was 26 years old and have to alivechildren and case were the second child and applied to Child SurgeryDepartment due to continiously vomiting and uneasy conditions. Sexualdevelopment were as male on physical examinations. Cell culture wasapplied for chromosomal analysis. Slides were stained with GiemsaBanding Staining (GTG) and 100 cells were totaly counted and karyotypingwere done with 15 metaphase. Chromosome with 46,XX karyotype. Casewere taken under consideration of congenital adrenel hyperplasia afterevalution of karyotype. Case were discussed according to by information ofpresents literatures

Does maternal serum progesterone level in early pregnancy predict placental dysfunction in third trimester?

Objective Progesterone, which is necessary for maintenance of pregnancy, is secreted by corpus luteum until 10 weeks of gestation, and is produced from the placenta afterwards. Aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of serum progesterone concentrations measured in 6–8 weeks and 12 weeks of gestation with the parameters that may demonstrate placental dysfunction in the third trimester. Methods Relationship of the progesterone values measured at 6–8 weeks and 12 weeks of gestation with indicators of placental dysfunction, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and low birth weight, were evaluated. Furthermore, based on a previous study, two groups with progesterone levels below and above 11 ng/mL in early pregnancy were formed, and the difference between these groups regarding gestational outcomes were investigated. Results Progesterone concentrations at 6–8 and 12 weeks of gestation were not significantly different between the subgroups with and without gestational complications indicating placental dysfunction (p>0.05 for all parameters). As for the two groups, significant difference was not found in terms of third trimester complications due to progesterone cut-off of 11 ng/mL at 6-8 weeks of gestation. Conclusion In this study, we did not find progesterone values measured at early and late first trimester periods to be associated with placental dysfunction in the third trimester. Also, we did not validate a previously suggested threshold value to predict gestational outcome. Therefore, routine first trimester progesterone screening in guiding pregnancy follow-up may not be appropriate

The Relationships Of Education And Power In The Contex Of Structural Properties Of Turkish Education System In Turkey After 1980

Bilgi, düşünsel düzeyde girdi ve çıktı olma özelliğine sahip olan anlamlı bir birikim olarak tanımlanabilir. Bilgi ile doğrudan bağlantılı bir süreç olarak gerçekleştirilen eğitim ise, sistemli veya sistemsiz olarak muhataplarında gözlenebilir düşünce ve eylem farklılıklarının temelini oluşturan ve altyapılarını kuran bilgi hareketliliğidir. Bilginin, bizatihi sahip olduğu ve bilgi sahiplerinin doğrudan elde ettiği iktidar olgusu ise, en genel anlamda fiziksel veya psikolojik bir etki olarak izah edilebilir. Eğitimin bir bilgi hareketliliği olması ve bilginin de iktidarla ontolojik bir birlikteliğinin bulunması, eğitim ile iktidar arasındaki ilişkiyi önemli hale getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda Türk eğitim sisteminin iktidarla, devlet iktidarı ile ilişkisinin niteliği Türkiye’de nüfusun neredeyse tamamının eğitimle bağının olması bakımından önemli hale gelmektedir. Türk Eğitim Sisteminin Yapısal Özellikleri Bağlamında 1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Eğitim-İktidar İlişkileri bu araştırmanın temel konusunu oluşturmaktadır. İşlenen konular ise bilgi-iktidar ilişkileri, bilgi ile eğitim arasındaki bağ, yakın Türk eğitim tarihini de kapsayan 1980 sonrası Türkiye’de eğitim ile iktidar arasındaki ilişkidir.Information can be defined as a significant accumulation which is capable of intellectual level of the input and output. Education, directly linked to the Information as a process, is the process of the mobility of infrastructures that form the basis of observable differences in thought and action, and establishing information partners with systematic or unsystematic ways. Knowledge, and knowledge itself is a phenomenon of power is derived directly from the owners, in the most general sense, can be explained as an effect of physical or psychological influence. Education as mobility of information and knowledge as the power and to be an ontological unity with the power make it important to the relationship between education and power. In this context, the quality of the connection of the Turkish education system with government power and entirely with the population that is almost in terms of education becomes important. In the Context of Structural Properties of Turkish Education System Education and State Power Relations in Post-1980’s Turkey is the main concept of this research. Topic covered in the knowledge-state power relations, the link between information and education, near the history of Turkish Education, including the post-1980 Turkey, are the relationship between education and state power

The evaluation of motor cortex excitability measures and the association of these measures with the clinical course in patients with obsessive - compulsive disorder

Giriş: Günümüze dek Obsesif - Kompulsif Bozukluğun (OKB) patofizyolojisiyle ilişkili çeşitli biyolojik varsayımlar ve bunları destekleyen birçok ilaç, beyin görüntüleme ve elektrofizyolojik çalışmaları mevcuttur. OKB'de yapılan elektrofizyolojik çalışmaların sayısı ve eksitabilite ilgili veriler henüz yetersiz ve bulguların bir kısmı çelişkilidir. Ayrıca bu çalışmaların çoğunun örneklem büyüklüğü oldukça küçüktür. Amaç: Mevcut çalışmanın amacı ilaç kullanımı ve komorbidite kısıtlaması olmadan daha geniş bir örneklemde, OKB hastaları ile sağlıklı gönüllüler arasında motor eşik ve diğer eksitabilite ölçümleri arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olup olmadığını incelemektir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya Mayıs 2008 - Şubat 2009 tarihleri arasında, DSM-IV'e göre OKB tanısını karşılayan ve yaşları 18 - 65 arasında değişen toplam 32 hasta ve 21 sağlıklı gönüllü alınmıştır. Hasta ve sağlıklı kontrollerin eksen I tanıları KUNG ile değerlendirilmiştir. Herhangi bir eksen I bozukluğu, alkol - madde kullanımı olan sağlıklı gönüllüler çalışmadan dışlanmıştır. Katılımcılar elektrofizyolojik ölçümlerle eş zamanlı (± 1 hafta) uygulanan, Y-BOCS, HAM-D, HAM-A, CGI, BDE ve Görsel Analog Skalalar ile değerlendirilmiştir. Katılımcıların elektrofizyolojik uyartımları için "MagProX100 incl. MagOption" (Medtronic A/S, Denmark) TMS cihazı ve 70 mm çaplı olan kelebek biçimli TMS halkası (MCF-B65) kullanılmıştır. EMG ölçüm kayıtları sağ elin ABP kasından, yüzeyel elektrodlarla saptanmıştır. Daha sonra sol motor korteks uyartımı ile katılımcıların RMT, SICI, ICF ve LICI ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Bu çalışmanın ana bulgularına bakıldığında, RMT ölçümlerinde sağlıklı kontrol ve hastalar arasında anlamlı bir fark saptanmamış, ancak depresyon komorbiditesi olan ve hastalık şiddeti yüksek olan hasta alt gruplarında RMT anlamlı biçimde daha yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. SICI ölçümleri ne hastalar ile kontroller arasında, ne de hasta alt grupları içinde farklılık göstermemiştir. ICF değerlerinde ise hastalar ve sağlıklı kontroller arasında istatistiksel farklılık saptanmamış, ancak kombine ilaç kullanımı olan ve hastalık süresi uzun (> 10 yıl) olan OKB alt gruplarda anlamlı biçimde yüksek saptanmıştır. Hasta ve sağlıklı kontroller arasında LICI değerleri de bir farklılık göstermemekte, ancak erken hastalık başlangıcı olan OKB grubunda istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Günümüze kadar OKB ile ilgili yapılan eksitabilite çalışmalarına bakıldığında, bu çalışma yayımlanmış çalışmalar arasında örneklem büyüklüğü en geniş olanıdır. Çalışmamızda sağlıklı kontroller ve OKB hastaları arasında elektrofizyolojik ölçümler açısından belirgin farklılık saptanmamıştır. Bu durum, sağlıklı kontrollerin seçiminde bir yan tutma olabileceği gibi, muhtemel metodolojik farklılıklardan, hastaların kullandıkları ilaçların ve/veya komorbid hastalıkların etkilerinden kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Diğer taraftan, önceki çalışmaların örneklemlerinin küçük olması, çoğunda eşlik eden tik bozukluğu / Tourette Sendromu'nun olması ve kontrol olgularının seçimindeki yan tutmaları da, OKB ile ilgili önceki bulguları etkilemiş olabilir. Çalışmamızda, özellikle depresif olan hastaların elektrofizyolojik bulguları, major depresif bozuklukla ilgili önceki bazı elektrofizyolojik çalışmalarla uyumludur. OKB'de kortikal eksitabilite ölçümlerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlayan gelecek çalışmaların planlanmasında araştırma yönteminin olabildiğince önceki çalışmalara benzer seçilmesi, ilaç kullanımı açısından daha homojen olan hasta gruplarının seçilmesi ve komorbiditenin olası etkilerinin farklılıkların göz önüne alınması önemlidir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Obsesif - Kompulsif Bozukluk (OKB), Kortikal Eksitabilite, Motor Eşik, Transkraniyel Manyetik Stimülasyon (TMS). Introduction: Until today, there have been several biological hypotheses concerning the pathophysiology of Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and many drug, brain imaging and electrophysiological investigations supporting these hypotheses. The number of electrophysiological studies in OCD are quite insufficient and the data concerning with the cortical excitability seem considerably controversial. Additionally, sample sizes of many studies are fairly small. Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate whether there would be differences in the motor thresholds and other excitability measures between OCD patients and healthy controls in a large sample, without excluding comorbidity and medication use. Method: A total of 32 OCD patients and 21 healthy volunteers between 18 - 65 years of age were included in the study between May 2008 and February 2009. The axis I disorders of all subjects were evaluated structured interview with MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Any volunteers with axis I disorder and/or alcohol and substance use disorders were excluded from the study. All the subjects were evaluated by Y-BOCS, HAM-D, HAM-A, CGI, BDI and VAS (Visual Analog Scale) scales simultaneously with the electrophysiological procedures (± 1 week). For transcranial stimulation of the subjects "MagProX100 incl. MagOption" (Medtronic A/S, Denmark) TMS device and figure of 8 coil with diameter of 70 mm in each ring (MCF-B65) were used. EMG measures were recorded from Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB) muscle of the right hands of the subjects with surface electrodes. Eventually, RMT, SICI, ICF and LICI parameters of cortical excitability were determined by stimulating the left motor cortex. Findings: The main findings of the present study were that RMT measures were not significantly different between the healthy volunteers and OCD patients, but were significantly increased in the patient subgroups with comorbid major depression and with severe illness. Concerning SICI measures, there was not any significant difference either between healthy volunteers and patients or between the patient subgroups. ICF measures were not significantly different between healthy volunteers and the patients either, however were significantly higher in the patient subgroups with combination treatment and with longer duration of illness (> 10 years). As for LICI measures, there were not any significant difference between the healthy volunteers and patients, however were detected significantly to be higher in the patient subgroup with early disease onset. Conclusion: This study is the one with the largest sample size among the excitability studies concerning with OCD. In our study, no significant difference was detected in the electrophysiological measures of cortical excitability between the healthy subjects and OCD patients. This finding may either be due to a bias in the selection of the healthy subjects or the potential methodological differences between our study and the previous ones. Also, in may result from comorbid disorders that the most of our patients had or from the medications that they were on. On the other hand, the findings of the previous studies concerning excitability measures in OCD might also be affected from small sample sizes, bias in selecting the control groups and the patients with TS / tic disorder that most of them included. The electrophysiological measures of OCD patients with major depression in our study were especially concordant with some other excitability studies on depression. Therefore, it is important selecting the electrophysiological methodology as much similar as the previous studies, more homogeneous patient groups in terms of medication and considering the potential effects of comorbidity for the future studies aiming to evaluate the cortical excitability in OCD. Key Words: Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Cortical Excitability, Motor Threshold, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

The impact of employees' perceptions of organizational power andorganizational justice on job satisfaction

Bu çalışma, örgütsel güç ve adalet algısının iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada örgütsel güç algısı "ödül gücü, zorlayıcı güç, yasal güç, uzman gücü, karizmatik güç ve bilgi gücü" alt boyutlarında; örgütsel adalet algısı "dağıtımsal adalet, işlemsel adalet ve etkileşimsel adalet" alt boyutlarında; iş tatmini ise "içsel ve dışsal" alt boyutlarında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama tekniklerinden anket yöntemine başvurulmuştur. Anketler toplamda 403 kişi üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde regresyon, korelasyon, Bağımsız Örneklem t-Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans (ANOVA) Analizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlarda, örgütsel güç ve adalet algısının iş tatmini ile içsel ve dışsal iş tatmini alt boyutları üzerinde anlamlı düzeyde etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanında, örgütsel güç algısı ile örgütsel adalet ve alt boyutları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, katılımcıların cinsiyet, gelir düzeyi ve medeni durumlarına göre yapılan karşılaştırmalarda, örgütsel adalet algısı ve iş tatmininin anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak, yaş ile örgütsel güç arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu buna karşın cinsiyet, medeni durum, mesleki çalışma süresi, kurumdaki çalışma süresi ve aylık gelir düzeyi arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.This study was carried out to determine the effect of organizational power and perception of justice on job satisfaction. In the study, organizational power perception was sub-dimensions of "reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power, charismatic power and knowledge power"; organizational justice perception in the sub-dimensions of "distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice"; job satisfaction is discussed in the sub-dimensions of "internal and external". Questionnaire method, one of the data collection techniques, was used in the study. The questionnaires were applied on 403 people in total. Regression, correlation, Independent Sample t-Test and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used in the analysis of the data. In the results obtained, it was determined that organizational power and perception of justice had a significant effect on job satisfaction and the sub-dimensions of internal and external job satisfaction. In addition, it has been determined that there is a positive and significant relationship between the perception of organizational power and organizational justice and its sub-dimensions. In the study, it was determined that organizational justice perception and job satisfaction did not differ significantly in comparisons made according to gender, income level and marital status of the participants. Finally, it has been determined that there is a significant difference between age and organizational strength, but there is no significant difference between gender, marital status, professional working time, working time in the institution and monthly income level