Measurement of Affect Regulation Styles (MARS) expanded

Se presenta una versión de la Measure of Affect Regulation Styles (MARS) ampliada, aplicada a episodios emocionales de ira y tristeza en una muestra de 355 estudiantes de licenciatura de Chile, España y México. El estudio examinó la asociación entre formas de regulación afectiva con la adaptación en estos episodios y con medidas disposicionales de afrontamiento, de regulación emocional y bienestar psicológico. Se confirmó que las estrategias de regulación emocional efectivas en cuanto a la mejora percibida de metas adaptativas son el afrontamiento instrumental, la búsqueda de apoyo, la reevaluación, la distracción, la rumiación, autoreconfortarse, el autocontrol y la expresión regulada; mientras que las disfuncionales fueron la supresión de la expresión y la inhibición. Se encontraron asociaciones positivas entre las estrategias adaptativas y el bienestar, la reevaluación y uso del humor como forma de afrontar el estrés, así como negativas con la supresión y alexitimia. Las estrategias inadaptativas mostraron el perfil opuesto. En la ira, emoción de aproximación, se hace congruentemente un mayor uso de la confrontación, el afrontamiento directo y tanto del apoyo como del aislamiento socialAn expanded Spanish version of the Measure of Affect Regulation Styles (MARS), was applied to episodes of anger and sadness, in a sample of 355 graduate students from Chile, Spain, and Mexico. The study examines the association between affective regulation, adaptation to episodes and dispositional coping and emotional regulation, and psychological well-being. With regard to perceived improvement of adaptive goals, the following adaptive affect regulation strategies were confi rmed: Instrumental coping, seeking social support, positive reappraisal, distraction, rumination, self-comfort, self-control, and emotional expression were functional; whereas inhibition and suppression were dysfunctional. Adaptive strategies were positively associated with psychological well-being, reappraisal and humor as a coping strategy. Negative associations were found between adaptive strategies and suppression and alexithymia. Maladaptive strategies show the opposite profi le. Confrontation, instrumental coping, social support as well as social isolation were more frequently found in anger, an approach emotionEste estudio se ha podido realizar gracias a la beca PSI2011-26315 y a la UFI 11/0

Coupling planktonic and benthic shifts during a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in southern Chile:Implications for bloom dynamics and recurrence

Cell abundances and distributions of Alexandrium catenella resting cysts in recent sediments were studied along time at two locations in the Chilean Inland Sea exposed to different oceanographic conditions: Low Bay, which is much more open to the ocean than the more interior and protected Ovalada Island. The bloom began in interior areas but maximum cyst concentrations were recorded in locations more open to the ocean, at the end of the Moraleda channel. Our results showed a time lapse of around 3 months from the bloom peak (planktonic population) until the number of resting cysts in the sediments reached a maximum. Three months later, less than 10% of the A. catenella cysts remained in the sediments. Maximum cyst numbers in the water column occurred one month after the planktonic peak, when no cells were present. The dinoflagellate assemblage at both study sites was dominated by heterotrophic cysts, except during the A. catenella bloom. CCA analyses of species composition and environmental factors indicated that the frequency of A. catenella blooms was associated with low temperatures, but not with salinity, chlorophyll a concentration, and predator presence (measured as clam biomass). However, resting cyst distribution was only related to cell abundance and location. The occurrence of A. catenella cysts was also associated with that of cysts from the toxic species Protoceratium reticulatum. By shedding light on the ecological requirements of A. catenella blooms, our observations support the relevance of encystment as a mechanism of bloom termination and show a very fast depletion of cysts from the sediments (<3 months), which suggest a small role for resting cyst deposits in the recurrence of A. catenella blooms in this area.Postprin

Modelling the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) at Different Scales: Implications for Research and Management

Harmful algal blooms, in particular recurrent blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), frequently limit commercial shellfish harvests, resulting in serious socio-economic consequences. Although the PSP-inducing species that threaten the most vulnerable commercial species of shellfish are very patchy and spatially heterogeneous in their distribution, the spatial and temporal scales of their effects have largely been ignored in monitoring programs and by researchers. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of PSP toxicity in the clam (Ameghinomya antiqua) in two fishing grounds in southern Chile (Ovalada Island and Low Bay). During the summer of 2009, both were affected by an intense toxic bloom of A. catenella (up to 1.1 × 106 cells L-1). Generalized linear models were used to assess the potential influence of different environmental variables on the field detoxification rates of PSP toxins over a period of 12 months. This was achieved using a four parameter exponential decay model to fit and compare field detoxification rates per sampling site. The results show differences in the spatial variability and temporal dynamics of PSP toxicity, given that greater toxicities (+10-fold) and faster detoxification (20% faster) are observed at the Ovalada Island site, the less oceanic zone, and where higher amounts of clam are annually produced. Our observations support the relevance of considering different spatial and temporal scales to obtain more accurate assessments of PSP accumulation and detoxification dynamics and to improve the efficacy of fisheries management after toxic events.This research was funded by FONDEF Project MR07I1007 from the 2nd Program on Red Tides and the project REDI170575 from the International Cooperation Programme of the Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT). Patricio A. Díaz is funded by the Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería (CeBiB) (PIA project FB0001, ANID, Chile). Rosa I. Figueroa is funded by a national project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Community (FEDER) (Project DIANAS-CTM2017- 86066-R), a grant for Galician Networks of Excellence (GRC-VGO- HAB IN607A-2019/04) from the Innovation Agency of the Xunta de Galicia (GAIN) and the structural IEO-CSIC project CCVIEO-7.Peer reviewe

Tendencias de acumulación y detoxificación natural de veneno paralizante de los mariscos en dos bivalvos del mar interior de la Patagonia Noroccidental

The accumulation of marine toxins in aquatic filterers is a recurrent event that imposes serious risks to human health and important economic losses. While direct monitoring of seafood toxicity will remain as a priority for human health protection, a better understanding of toxin accumulation and detoxification dynamics might allow for forecasting tools to design better cost-effective mitigation strategies for bivalve farming and fisheries. In this study we explore monitoring data to extract temporal trends in natural accumulation and detoxification of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) for two important mytilids from the Northwest Patagonian inland sea: Mytilus chilensis and Aulacomya atra. The data were collected between 1995 and 1998 in 13 stations, during two Alexandrium catenella blooms. The generalized linear models approach applied indicated A. catenella concentration, exposure time, salinity, temperature and zone had significant effects upon PSP concentration during the accumulation phase. Time, salinity, temperature and zone had significant effects upon PSP concentration during the detoxification phase. To obtain quantitative descriptors for accumulation and detoxification dynamics, we construct a simplified one-box model, defined by two parameters: 1) the proportionality constant between A. catenella concentration and PSP and 2) the instantaneous PSP decay rate. In spite of the limited nature of available data, the proposed model described significantly the observed variation in accumulation and detoxification trends of PSP. It remains. However, an evident need to validate the model against independent data sets from the same area and to identify and quantify sources of variability, uncertainty and bias that may affect model parameters.La acumulación de toxinas marinas en filtradores implica serios riesgos a la salud humana y pérdidas económicas. Mientras que el monitoreo directo de la toxicidad de los mariscos permanecerá como una prioridad para proteger la salud humana, la comprensión de la dinámica de acumulación y detoxificación permitiría desarrollar herramientas predictivas para diseñar estrategias de mitigación para la acuicultura y pesca. En este trabajo se estudiaron patrones temporales de acumulación y detoxificación de veneno paralizante de los mariscos (VPM) en dos mitilidos de importancia comercial en el mar interior de la Patagonia Noroccidental: Mytilus chilensis y Aulacomya atra. Se utilizaron datos de monitoreo, entre 1995 y 1998 recolectados en 13 estaciones durante dos florecimientos de Alexandrium catenella. Aplicando modelos lineales generalizados se observó que la concentración de A. catenella, tiempo de exposición, salinidad, temperatura y zona, afectaron la concentración de VPM durante la fase de acumulación. Tiempo, salinidad, temperatura y zona afectaron la concentración de VPM durante la fase de detoxificación. La dinámica de acumulación y detoxificación de VPM se estudió a través de un modelo de una caja definido por dos parámetros, 1) el coeficiente de proporcionalidad entre A. catenella y VPM y 2) la tasa instantánea de decaimiento de la toxina. A pesar de las limitaciones del los datos utilizados, el modelo logró explicar una fracción significativa de la variación observada en la acumulación y detoxificación de VPM. Sin embargo es necesario validar este modelo contra un set de datos independientes del área de estudio e identificar y cuantificar fuentes de variabilidad, incerteza y sesgo que afecten sus parámetros

First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by endemic species of the genus Dinophysis, mainly D. acuta and D. acuminata, pose a big threat to public health, artisanal fisheries and the aquaculture industry in Southern Chile. This work reports the first detection of lipophilic toxins, including pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), in hard razor clam (Tagelus dombeii) associated with an unprecedented spring bloom −38.4 × 103 cells L−1 in integrated hose sampler (0–10 m) – of Dinophysis acuminata in coastal waters of central Chile. The socio-economic challenges to small-scale fisheries are discussed. The study points to the pressing need for sound policies to face unexpected HAB event, probably due to biogeographical expansions, with a focus on fisheries management, participation of stakeholders, and development of adaptive capacities

Species diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate resting cysts seven months after a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in two contrasting coastal systems of the Chilean Inland Sea

In Chile, 90% of the fish farms and major natural shellfish beds are located in the region surrounding the Inland Sea, where over the last few decades harmful phytoplankton blooms have often been observed. The onset and recurrence of bloom events are often related to the resuspension and germination of resting cysts that have accumulated in the sediments. The degree of cyst settling, accumulation and germination is highly variable between areas and depends on physical and environmental factors. To learn how differences in oceanographic exposure, amount of river runoff and bathymetry affect dinoflagellate cyst deposition, we examined the diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate resting cysts from two hydrographically contrasting coastal areas (oceanic Guaitecas Archipelago and estuarine Pitipalena Fjord) of the Chilean Inland Sea in September 2006, seven months after a bloom of Alexandrium catenella, a producer of paralytic shellfish toxin. Cyst species diversity consisted of 18 taxa, including A. catenella and the noxious species Protoceratium reticulatum, both of which have caused blooms in the study area. Our results revealed significant differences between the two study sites in terms of the abundance and diversity of resting cysts, suggesting that in the specific case of A. catenella, only Guaitecas stations have potential for cyst accumulation and successful growth of cells. However, there was no evidence of long-term resting cyst beds of A. catenella at either study site

Psicothema

Resumen tomado de la publicaciónSe presenta una versión de la Measure of Affect Regulation Styles (MARS) ampliada, aplicada a episodios emocionales de ira y tristeza en una muestra de 355 estudiantes de licenciatura de Chile, España y México. El estudio examinó la asociación entre formas de regulación afectiva con la adaptación en estos episodios y con medidas disposicionales de afrontamiento, de regulación emocional y bienestar psicológico. Se confirmó que las estrategias de regulación emocional efectivas en cuanto a la mejora percibida de metas adaptativas son el afrontamiento instrumental, la búsqueda de apoyo, la reevaluación, la distracción, la rumiación, autoreconfortarse, el autocontrol y la expresión regulada; mientras que las disfuncionales fueron la supresión de la expresión y la inhibición. Se encontraron asociaciones positivas entre las estrategias adaptativas y el bienestar, la reevaluación y uso del humor como forma de afrontar el estrés, así como negativas con la supresión y alexitimia. Las estrategias inadaptativas mostraron el perfil opuesto. En la ira, emoción de aproximación, se hace congruentemente un mayor uso de la confrontación, el afrontamiento directo y tanto del apoyo como del aislamiento social.AsturiasColegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Asturias; Calle Ildefonso Sánchez del Río, 4-1 B; 33001 Oviedo; Tel. +34985285778; Fax +34985281374;Universidad de Oviedo. Facultad de Psicología; Plaza Feijoo, s. n.; 33003 Oviedo; Tel. +34985104146; Fax +34985104126;ES

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in the Gastropod <i>Concholepas concholepas</i>: Variability, Toxin Profiles and Mechanisms for Toxicity Reduction

Harmful algal blooms of toxin-producing microalgae are recurrent in southern Chile. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreaks pose the main threat to public health and the fishing industry in the Patagonian fjords. This study aims to increase understanding of the individual and spatial variability of PSP toxicity in the foot of Concholepas concholepas, Chile’s most valuable commercial benthic invertebrate species, extracted from the Guaitecas Archipelago in Chilean Patagonia. The objective is to determine the effect of pigment removal and freezing during the detoxification process. A total of 150 specimens (≥90 mm length) were collected from this area. The live specimens were transferred to a processing plant, where they were measured and gutted, the foot was divided into two equal parts, and pigment was manually removed from one of these parts. The PSP toxicity of each foot (edible tissue) was determined by mouse bioassay (MBA) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and postcolumn oxidation (HPLC-FLD PCOX). The individual toxicity per loco, as the species is known locally, varied from −1 (CV = 43.83%) and from 5.96 to 216.3 μg STX diHCL eq 100 g−1 (CV = 34.63%), using MBA and HPLC, respectively. A generalized linear model showed a negative relation between individual weight and toxicity. The toxicological profile showed a dominance of STX (>95%), neoSTX and GTX2. The removal of pigment produced a reduction in PSP toxicity of up to 90% and could represent a good detoxification tool moving forward. The freezing process in the muscle with pigment did not produce a clear pattern. There is a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of PSP toxicity via PCOX but not MBA. Furthermore, the study discusses possible management and commercialization implications of the findings regarding small-scale fisheries