Mujer de 63 años portadora de prótesis de cadera con astenia, cefaleas e hipotiroidismo

Patients undergoing hip replacement using the metal-metal friction pair can develop local or systemic pathologies related to the release of Cobalt and Chromium particles by the continuous rubbing of its metallic surfaces. This phenomenon called metallosis is important to keep in mind the diagnosis of suspicious to know the pathologies produced by this metallosis and in these cases, request a serum determination of Cobalt and Chromium. The treatment of symptomatic metallosis consists of prosthetic removal and replacement, achieving a decrease in the blood concentrations of these metals and an improvement of the systemic clinical picture. We present a female carrier of hip arthroplasty evaluated in Internal Medicine for chronic presentation asthenia, headaches, sensory disturbances (sight, hearing) and hypothyroidism.Los pacientes intervenidos de artroplastia de cadera a los que se implanta una prótesis con par de fricción metal-metal pueden desarrollar patologías locales o sistémicas relacionadas con la liberación de partículas de cobalto y cromo como consecuencia del roce continuo de sus superficies metálicas, fenómeno denominado metalosis. Conocer las patologías producidas por esta metalosis es fundamental para, tras su sospecha, solicitar una determinación sérica de cobalto y cromo que confirme el diagnóstico. El tratamiento de la metalosis sintomática consiste en la retirada y sustitución protésica, consiguiendo un descenso en las concentraciones sanguíneas de cobalto, y mejorando el cuadro clínico sistémico. Se presenta el caso de una mujer portadora de prótesis de cadera evaluada en Medicina Interna por presentar de forma crónica astenia, cefaleas, alteraciones sensitivas (vista, oído) e hipotiroidismo

Combination Therapy With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-World Evidence Study

Objectives: Scientific literature about the combination of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1ra) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in older patients is scarce. We sought to assess the real-world efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1ra combination therapy in older patients (>65 years of age). Methods: This was an observational, prospective, multicenter study based on clinical practice. Patients were stratified according to tertiles of baseline glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels and to treatment schedule. Results: We included 113 patients (65.5% men, mean age 70.4±8.8 years). The body mass index was 36.5 (±6.6) kg/m2. The baseline A1C level was 8.0% (±1.2%). At the 6-month follow up, we found a significant reduction in A1C levels (–1.1%; p<0.0001), body mass index (–2.1 kg/m2; p<0.00003) and systolic blood pressure (–13 mmHg; p<0.000005). Patients who had the highest baseline A1C levels (≥8.4%) showed greater improvement in A1C levels (p<0.0001), weight (p<0.0001) and quality-of-life scores (p<0.0001). The greatest reduction in A1C levels and weight was seen in patients who started both drugs simultaneously (p<0.0001). The second greatest reduction was seen when GLP-1ra was added to previous treatment with an SGLT2i (p<0.0001). Also of note was a decrease in systolic blood pressure in patients for whom an SGLT2i was added to previous GLP-1ra treatment (p<0.0001). Of the patients, 34.3% achieved the combined endpoint of A1C levels <7% and weight loss ≥5% without hypoglycemia. Conclusions: This study’s findings provide evidence of clinically meaningful reductions in A1C level, body weight and systolic blood pressure in older patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking combined regimens. The dropout and hypoglycemia rates were minimal, and treatment was tolerated well

Single versus double experimental bile duct ligation model for inducing bacterial translocation

Background: Double common bile duct ligation plus section in rats is used as a model for bacterial translocation, a phenomenon that has been correlated with the degree of liver damage. This study analyzes whether a simpler variant of the technique is also a valid model to study bacterial translocation. Methods: Fifty-six male Sprague Dawley rats underwent one of three surgical interventions: a) proximal double ligation and section of the common bile duct; b) proximal simple ligation of the bile duct; and c) sham operation. Bacterial translocation was measured by cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, spleen and liver. Stool culture and histological analysis of liver damage were also performed. Results: The incidence of bacterial translocation in SBL and DBDL groups was 23,5% and 25% respectively. Mortality was similar between ligation groups (11.2% versus 10%). Liver cirrhosis developed in the group of double ligation and section (100% of the animals at 4 weeks), while portal hypertension appeared starting at week 3. None of the animals submitted to simple ligation developed liver cirrhosis. Conclusions: Simple bile duct ligation is associated with a similar incidence of bacterial translocation as double ligation, but without cirrhosis or portal hypertension

Early biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease. A focus on albuminuria and a new combination of antidiabetic agents

Aims: We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists to prevent worsening urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio as an early biomarker of diabetes kidney disease. Methods: A total of 178 patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity received combination treatment with SGLT2i added to GLP1ra (n = 76), GLP1ra added to SGLT2i (n = 50) or GLP1ra plus SGLT2i from start (n = 52), according to investigators´ best clinical judgement. Major outcomes assessed at 26 weeks were changes in urine albumintocreatinine-ratio (UACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), glycated haemoglobin, body weight and systolic blood pressure. Results: All patients (58.6% men, mean age 61.9 ± 10.0 years) completed the study. Baseline HbA1c, weight and eGFR levels were 8.2 ± 0.9%, 109.9 ± 19 kg and 83.3 ± 19.6 mL/min/m2 , respectively. At 26 weeks, we found significant reductions in HbA1c (1.16%), weight (5.17 kg) and systolic blood pressure (8.13 mmHg). The reduction in UACR was 15.14 mg/g (95% CI 8.50-22.4) (-24.6 ± 64.7%), which was greatest in the group of patients with SGLT2i added on to GLP1ra therapy (116.7 mg/g; 95% CI: 54-296.5 mg/g; P < .001. Patients with urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g, showed a higher declines (63.18 mg/g [95% CI 44.5-104.99]) (-56 ± 65.9%). The greatest reduction in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio was obtained when SGLT2i was added to GLP1ra (116.7 mg/g). The eGFR did not significantly change along the study period. Conclusion: Our results show the beneficial effect of GLP1ra and SGLT2i combination therapy on early biomarkers of diabetes kidney disease such as albuminuria and in other significant outcomes for diabetes control

Enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Hunter disease: A systematic review with narrative synthesis and meta-analysis

Background: In the last 10 years enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has become an alternative for the treatment of patients with Hunter disease (HD). Nevertheless, the information regarding efficacy and safety is scarce and mainly based on the pivotal trials. This scarcity is especially evident for adults and severe forms of HD. Methods: A systematic review of publications in the electronic databases PUBMED, EMBASE and Cochrane Central was undertaken. Clinical trials and observational studies were included. The data about efficacy and security were retrieved and analysed with Review Manager version 5.3. Results: 677 records were found, 559 remaining after the removal of duplicates. By title and abstract review, 427 were excluded. Full reading of the rest was made (122 publications) and 42 were finally included. It was not possible to perform meta-analysis of all the endpoints due to high heterogeneity in the reporting and measuring of variables in each publication. Eight clinical trials were included, 6 with high risk of bias. The quality of the other studies was low in 12%, average in 68% and good in 21%. Main findings were: a reduction in the elimination of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in urine in all the studies (26/26), decrease in liver and spleen size (18/18), increase of 52.59 m (95% CI, 36, 42-68.76, p < .001) in the 6-min walk test (TM6M), increase in forced vital capacity (FVC) of 9.59% (95% CI 4.77-14.51, p < .001), reduction of the left ventricular mass index of 3.57% (95% CI 1.2-5.93) and reduction in mortality (OR) of 0.44 (0.27-0.71). Discussion: The data suggests a clear and consistent effect of ERT in HD reducing the accumulation of GAGs in the body, demonstrated by the reduction of its urinary excretion, as well as by the reduction of its deposits (spleen, liver and heart). Likewise, there is an improvement in physical and respiratory function. In addition, a reduction in mortality has been observed. Lack of studies, small size of the samples, and methodological deficiencies are the main limitations to establish definite conclusions. Conclusions: The data suggests that ERT is effective and safe in the treatment of HD. There is a need to evaluate patient-centred outcomes and the impact on quality of life

La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica. Posicionamiento del grupo de trabajo de Diabetes, Obesidad y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI) por un abordaje centrado en la persona con obesidad

Introducción: La obesidad es una enfermedad metabólica crónica, compleja y multifactorial, implicada en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el cáncer. Es necesario que la atención a las personas con obesidad sea una parte esencial de la visión integral que la medicina interna aporta a la persona enferma. Material y métodos: Entre septiembre de 2019 y enero de 2020 se difundió una encuesta en línea a los socios de la Sociedad Espanola ˜ de Medicina Interna; se elaboró un análisis DAFO con las respuestas y, mediante la técnica de Grupo Nominal, se elaboraron las recomendaciones. Resultados: Obtuvimos 599 respuestas. Edad media 44,4 ± 11 anos; ˜ 52,1% mujeres. El 91,8% de los internistas evalúa a los pacientes para descartar las comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad, principalmente la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (96,2%), la enfermedad cardiovascular (88,9%) o el síndrome de hipoventilación asociada a obesidad (73%), entre otros. El 79,9% proporciona indicaciones sobre modificación del estilo de vida. El 64,1% y el 74,9% conocen las indicaciones de los fármacos y de la cirugía bariátrica, respectivamente. El 93,8% y el 83% consideran la obesidad y el sobrepeso una enfermedad crónica y el 88,7% una patología propia del internista, debiendo tener un papel activo y protagonista en su tratamiento (85,3%). Conclusiones: El objetivo del presente documento es dar a conocer el grado de conocimiento y de sensibilidad de los internistas frente al manejo de la obesidad y elaborar un consenso de recomendaciones de la Sociedad Espanola ˜ de Medicina Interna basadas en la evidencia científica y en la opinión de sus miembros

Post-Hospital Syndrome and Hyponatremia

Introduction: Post-hospital syndrome (PHS) is defined as a period of vulnerability during the first 30 days after a patient is discharged from hospital, in which multiple factors come into play. Hyponatremia is the most frequent hydroelectrolytic disorder in hospitalized patients and may be related to the appearance of PHS. Objective: The objective is to estimate the prevalence of PHS that is assessed as the rate of readmissions in the first 30 days after discharge, in patients with hyponatremia. Material and Methods: It is a descriptive observational study of patients with hyponatremia who were discharged from 1 September 2010 to 2 February 2020 at the Internal Medicine Service of the Hospital University of San Juan (Alicante, Spain). Results: Of the 25 included patients, 5 (20%) were readmitted within a month of discharge, after a mean of 11.4 days (standard deviation [SD] 5.1). The overall mortality of the study was 20% (n = 5), with one case of death in the first 30 days post-hospitalization (4%). In 12 patients (48%) the origin of the hyponatremia was undetermined. The most frequently recorded etiology for the condition was pharmacological (n = 7, 28%), and there was pronounced variability in its clinical and laboratory study. The most widely used corrective measure was drug withdrawal, in 16 patients (64%). Water intake restriction was the most common treatment after discharge (5 patients, 20%), followed by urea (2 patients, 8%), while tolvaptan was not used. Conclusion: Hyponatremia may be the cause of PHS, which could increase the rate of early readmission. Hyponatremia is an underdiagnosed and undertreated entity, so it is necessary to apply an appropriate system to optimize its management and, in future studies, to assess its impact on PHS

Use of glucocorticoids megadoses in SARS-CoV-2 infection in a spanish registry: SEMI-COVID-19

Objective To describe the impact of different doses of corticosteroids on the evolution of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, based on the potential benefit of the non-genomic mechanism of these drugs at higher doses. Methods Observational study using data collected from the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry. We evaluated the epidemiological, radiological and analytical scenario between patients treated with megadoses therapy of corticosteroids vs low-dose of corticosteroids and the development of complications. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality according to use of corticosteroids megadoses. Results Of a total of 14,921 patients, corticosteroids were used in 5,262 (35.3%). Of them, 2,216 (46%) specifically received megadoses. Age was a factor that differed between those who received megadoses therapy versus those who did not in a significant manner (69 years [IQR 59-79] vs 73 years [IQR 61-83]; p < .001). Radiological and analytical findings showed a higher use of megadoses therapy among patients with an interstitial infiltrate and elevated inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19. In the univariate study it appears that steroid use is associated with increased mortality (OR 2.07 95% CI 1.91-2.24 p < .001) and megadose use with increased survival (OR 0.84 95% CI 0.75-0.96, p 0.011), but when adjusting for possible confounding factors, it is observed that the use of megadoses is also associated with higher mortality (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.32-1.80; p < .001). There is no difference between megadoses and low-dose (p.298). Although, there are differences in the use of megadoses versus low-dose in terms of complications, mainly infectious, with fewer pneumonias and sepsis in the megadoses group (OR 0.82 95% CI 0.71-0.95; p < .001 and OR 0.80 95% CI 0.65-0.97; p < .001) respectively. Conclusion There is no difference in mortality with megadoses versus low-dose, but there is a lower incidence of infectious complications with glucocorticoid megadoses

Estudio de la traslocación bacteriana y la peroxidación lipídica en dos modelos experimentales de lesión hepática en ratas

La Traslocación Bacteriana (TB) es la base patogénica de la PBE y para su investigación se utilizan modelos de cirrosis inducida por Tetracloruro de Carbono o por Ligadura Doble Biliar quirúrgica (LDB), siendo esta última el modelo quirúrgico estándard para el estudio experimental de la patogenia de las Infecciones Bacterianas en la cirrosis. Esta ligadura biliar causa importante daño estructural hepático y conlleva elevada mortalidad (aunque en menor proporción que el Tetracloruro de Carbono). No obstante, en la descripción de este procedimiento,no queda bien establecida o descrita el nivel en el cual se realizan ambas ligaduras, si se realiza doble ligadura, incluso si se procede a la sección posterior del Conducto Biliar Común interligaduras. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo, basada en la realización de una técnica quirúrgica más sencilla, basada en la realización de una Ligadura Simple Biliar (LSB), proximal, alta y única, también se asociaría a fenómenos de TB, originaría daño hepático, estrés oxidativo, una respuesta inflamatoria y menor mortalidad. Nuestro objetivo primario ha sido evaluar la idoneidad del modelo propuesto de Ligadura Simple Biliar para el estudio de la TB a lo largo de 4 semanas, con respecto a la LDB. Como Objetivos secundarios: la evolución del peso, la mortalidad asociada, caracterización microbiológica a nivel intestinal como extraintestinal, parametrización de la lesión hepática, estudio del estrés oxidativo en suero e hígado y los parámetros inflamatorios mediante la determinación en suero de citicinas proinflamatorias. Resumen global de los Resultados: No hemos encontrado diferencias en cuanto a mortalidad, probablemente no hubo suficiente número de eventos como para poder ver diferencias significativas. Hay más Sobrecrecimiento Bacteriano Intestinal (SBI) en la LDB, sin embargo, los fenómenos de TB son similares en ambos grupos, a pesar que el daño histológico es mucho menor. El daño oxidativo sigue un patrón distinto en suero e hígado (en la LDB acontece a nivel del hígado, con la LSB el proceso es sistémico), y las Citoquinas Inflamatorias (TNF) también tiene un comportamiento diferente dependiente del momento en que se analiza (las células tienen una mayor respuesta al estímulo con LPS, y esto coincide con la mayor PL sistémica). Lo más destacable es la existencia de TB con la LSB (y en similar orden de magnitud a la LDB), que se puede estudiar igual que en el modelo clásico de LDB, aunque probablemente existan otros mecanismos implicados que expliquen que también ocurran fenómenos de TB Conclusiones: 1. Principal: El modelo experimental de LSB en ratas es un modelo sencillo para el estudio de la TB en condiciones de mínimo daño estructural hepático sin Hipertensión Portal (HTP) 2. Secundarias: La LSB : a) es un modelo con baja mortalidad, aunque con la LDB, en nuestras condiciones, también hemos vista una baja mortalidad; b) presenta menores tasas de SBI, particularmente de Gram Positivos; c) produce un daño estructural hepático mínimo (grado de fibrosis ≤ II) y no es un buen modelo para el estudio de la HTP y fenómenos asociados a la misma porque se asocia a recanalización en una elevada proporción de casos; y d) es un modelo en el que predominan los procesos séricos de peroxidación lipídica y respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (TNFα) en las 2 primeras semanas frente al modelo de LDB, donde estos procesos se localizan a nivel hepático

Paniculitis mesentérica como manifestación inicial de un linfoma de células B

La paniculitis mesentérica es una entidad clínica infrecuente que en ocasiones puede asociarse a neoplasias de tipo hema-tológico, urológico y gastrointestinal. El procedimiento diag-nóstico de elección se basa en la obtención de una muestra de tejido para su estudio histopatológico generalmente mediante un procedimiento percutáneo. El tratamiento está indicado en los casos sintomáticos