Packet flow analysis in IP networks via abstract interpretation

Static analysis (aka offline analysis) of a model of an IP network is useful for understanding, debugging, and verifying packet flow properties of the network. There have been static analysis approaches proposed in the literature for networks based on model checking as well as graph reachability. Abstract interpretation is a method that has typically been applied to static analysis of programs. We propose a new, abstract-interpretation based approach for analysis of networks. We formalize our approach, mention its correctness guarantee, and demonstrate its flexibility in addressing multiple network-analysis problems that have been previously solved via tailor-made approaches. Finally, we investigate an application of our analysis to a novel problem -- inferring a high-level policy for the network -- which has been addressed in the past only in the restricted single-router setting.Comment: 8 page

Estimation of genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes using SSR markers and morphological characters

Thirty rice genotypes comprising land races, pure lines, somaclones, breeding lines and varieties specifically adapted to costal saline environments were characterized by SSR markers and morphological characters in this study. Out of 35 primers of SSR markers, 28 were found to be polymorphic. The PIC value ranged from 0.064 (RM 274) to 0.72 (RM 580) with an average of 0.46. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.42 to 0.90. At the genetic similarity of 56% the genotypes were grouped into five clusters. PCA components explained 41.6% of variation. There was overlapping of tolerant genotypes and susceptible genotypes within the cluster. Morphological traits of each genotype were measured on five randomly chosen plants. The matrix of average taxonomic distance was estimated using Euclidian distance. The average taxonomic distance ranged from 1.5 to 7.78. At a Euclidean distance of 3.49, the 30 genotypes were grouped into IV clusters. The clustering pattern clearly grouped the genotypes based on their response to salinity and clustering was not based ontheir geographical origin. PCA components explained 38.4% of variation

Framework for efficient transformation for complex medical data for improving analytical capability

The adoption of various technological advancement has been already adopted in the area of healthcare sector. This adoption facilitates involuntary generation of medical data that can be autonomously programmed to be forwarded to a destined hub in the form of cloud storage units. However, owing to such technologies there is massive formation of complex medical data that significantly acts as an overhead towards performing analytical operation as well as unwanted storage utilization. Therefore, the proposed system implements a novel transformation technique that is capable of using a template based stucture over cloud for generating structured data from highly unstructured data in a non-conventional manner. The contribution of the propsoed methodology is that it offers faster processing and storage optimization. The study outcome also proves this fact to show propsoed scheme excels better in performance in contrast to existing data transformation scheme

Phenotypic assessment of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) germplasm reference set for yield and related traits under post flowering drought conditions

Sorghum reference set collection consisting of 384 accessions of five basic races, 10 intermediate races and five wild sub species was evaluated during 2008-09 (E1), 2009-10 (E2) post rainy season at ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh and during 2009-10 at UAS, Dharwad (E3- Irrigated condition and E4 – Un-irrigated condition) and RARS, Bijapur (E5- Un-irrigated condition). Data on seven qualitative and 11 quantitative traits were recorded to estimate the phenotypic diversity under post flowering drought conditions and to identify the drought tolerant accessions. The qualitative traits, white mid rib, pigmented plant, black and purple color glume, one fourth glume covered, white, purple, and brown colored seeds occurred in high frequencies in the sorghum reference set. These traits are useful markers since they are associated with economically important traits such as increased fodder quality, resistance to grain mould, preference in food and beverage industries. Variance due to genotypes (σ2g) and genotype X environment (σ2ge) interactions were significant for all the 11 quantitative characters and variance due to genotype X drought interaction was significant for panicle exerstion, panicle length, panicle width and grain yield. The seven flowering groups differed significantly for days to 50 per cent flowering and plant height. The basic races and intermediate races as group differed significantly from the wilds for panicle weight, grain yield and 100 seed weight. Grain yield of entire reference set had significant positive correlation with panicle weight, 100 seed weight but had negative correlation with days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height and basal tillers in all the environments. Principal component analysis in entire reference showed that, nine characters in E1, E2 and its pooled and eight characters in E3, E4, E5 and its pooled were important in explaining the variation. Shannon-Weaver diversity (H') index was high for plant height, 100 seed weight, grain yield, panicle weight, SPAD1 and SPAD2 in entire reference set , in all the flowering groups, basic races, intermediate races and wilds. Average phenotypic diversity index was similar in all the environments. On the basis of phenotypic dissimilarity between pair of accessions, ten pairs of most diverse accessions under drought conditions were identified. These accessions could be used in breeding programs for selecting superior lines in segregating population and for the development of mapping population. The hierarchical cluster analysis grouped five basic races, ten intermediate races and five wild sub species into three clusters in E1, E2, E4 and pooled over E1 and E2, two clusters in E3, five clusters in E5 and four cluster in pooled over E3, E4 and E5. Based on drought tolerance indices such as STI, MP, GMP, SSI, TOL and DTE a total of 65 drought tolerant accessions were indentified representing the entire reference set and seven flowering groups. Twenty nine accessions based on E1, E2 pooled and 22 accessions based on E3, E4 and E5 pooled were identified for high SCMR. Accessions identified based on drought tolerance indices and with high SCMR were predominantly from the race caudatum which was early flowering, had shortest plant height, high panicle weight and grain yield. In addition to this, best twenty accessions were identified for each of the traits, days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, panicle length, 100 seed weight, panicle weight and high grain yield. These diverse trait specific promising accessions have the potential for their utilization in breeding programs for developing improved sorghum cultivars with a broad genetic base. The information on phenotypic diversity and trait specific accessions provided valuable baseline knowledge for further progress on the selection and breeding for drought tolerance in sorghum

Study on seasonal variation on the content of Cucurbitacin of various vegetative parts of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina

The total cucurbitacin content produced in the different parts of T. cucumerina L. var. cucumerina viz., fruit, stem and leaves with time and temperature was studied during the year 2007-08. The highest amount of cucurbitacins was produced in the month of February, i.e., 0.8, 1.7 and 3.7 w/w % and lowest was in the month of July 1.9, 0.5 and 0.17 w/w % in fruit, stem and leaves respectively. Present study reviles that, Production of cucurbitacin is temperature dependent as the temperature increases cucurbitacins production increased; decrease in the temperature production of cucurbitacins was found decrease. Due to high content of cucurbitacins, this plant may prove itself as a potent hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic agent, antifeedant and antimicrobial properties of the plants.The stems are involved in the transportation of cucurbitacins but only the fruits are associated with storage. Although the leaves contained a low concentration of cucurbitacins or the role cucurbitacins is still important as antifeedants. For example, the bitterness of cucurbitacin E is experienced at a low concentration of 10 ppb [9] a concentration that is not detectable by quantitative methods used [26] determined cucurbitacin content in the fruit 40 times greater than in the leaves of Ecballium elaterium.[27] determined 22 times greater than that of the leaves. In present study considering the fresh plant material, the cucurbitacin content in the fruit is about 15 times greater than that of the leaves is adequate to promote and conduct various pharmacological activities, as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic agent, antifeedant and antimicrobial [28] properties of the plants. This study reveals that production of cucurbitacins is temperature dependent (Figure-2), increase in temperature increases cucurbitacins and cucurbitacin E production.peer-reviewe

Comparative study of fixation of intertrochanteric fracture of the femur by proximal femur nail versus dynamic hip screw

Background: Intertrochanteric fractures are common in old age group, but uncommon in younger age group. The goal of treatment of intertrochanteric fractures is restoration to pre-injury status at the earliest. The purpose of this study is to compare the functional outcome of the two fixation devices proximal femur nail (PFN) and dynamic hip screw available for intertrochanteric fractures in terms of the eventual functional outcome of the patient.Methods: Prospective study of 30 cases of Intertrochanteric fractures admitted and operated in KIMS hospital from November 2017 to May 2019. Follow-up of these patients was done at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks with functional evaluation was done using Harris hip score at the 24th week.Results: The results at the end of 24 weeks follow-up were calculated by the Harris hip score were better with the PFN. 66.7% of the patients operated with PFN gave excellent results as compared to 60% of patients operated with dynamic hip screw (DHS).Conclusions: We conclude that the use of PFN for the fixation of trochanteric fractures against the proven DHS offered better results along with a few advantages. PFN required smaller incision, shorter duration of surgery, less blood loss and faster recovery and better functional outcome at the end of 24 weeks. But still PFN is technically more demanding than the DHS and was found to have longer fluoroscopy exposure. 

Climate change impacts and potential benefits of heat-tolerant maize in South Asia

Article Purchased; Published online: 14 September 2016Maize is grown by millions of smallholder farmers in South Asia (SA) under diverse environments. The crop is grown in different seasons in a year with varying exposure to weather extremes, including high temperatures at critical growth stages which are expected to increase with climate change. This study assesses the impact of current and future heat stress on maize and the benefit of heat-tolerant varieties in SA. Annual mean maximum temperatures may increase by 1.4–1.8 °C in 2030 and 2.1–2.6 °C in 2050, with large monthly, seasonal, and spatial variations across SA. The extent of heat stressed areas in SA could increase by up to 12 % in 2030 and 21 % in 2050 relative to the baseline. The impact of heat stress and the benefit from heat-tolerant varieties vary with the level of temperature increase and planting season. At a regional scale, climate change would reduce rainfed maize yield by an average of 3.3–6.4 % in 2030 and 5.2–12.2 % in 2050 and irrigated yield by 3–8 % in 2030 and 5–14 % in 2050 if current varieties were grown under the future climate. Under projected climate, heat-tolerant varieties could minimize yield loss (relative to current maize varieties) by up to 36 and 93 % in 2030 and 33 and 86 % in 2050 under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Heat-tolerant maize varieties, therefore, have the potential to shield maize farmers from severe yield loss due to heat stress and help them adapt to climate change impacts

Line x testers analysis of tropical maize inbred lines under heat stress for grain yield and secondary traits

The combining ability and mode of gene action in tropical maize germplasm is not extensively studied. In the present study, a line x tester analysis involving 290 test-cross hybrids developed by crossing 145 tropical maize inbred lines with two testers and four standard checks was conducted for grain yield and other agronomic traits under heat stress during summer 2013 at B gudi agriculture research station. The main objective of the investigation was to study mode of gene action governing the traits under heat stress along with identification of superior inbred lines based on combining ability to develop heat tolerant hybrids. Analysis of variance showed that mean squares for genotypes was highly significant for grain yield, days to anthesis and silking, anthesis silk interval, plant height and ear height under heat stress. The combining analysis for lines (GCA), tester (GCA) and line x tester (SCA) showed significant difference (P < 0.01) for all the traits under study except ASI for LXT interaction. This indicates that both additive and non additive gene action control the expression of these traits under heat stress. The low GCA variance to SCA variance ratio for all the traits showed preponderance of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of the traits. Among 145 inbred lines used for study, the inbreds L78, L73, and L37 showed good general combining ability for grain yield. The crosses L118 x L2 and L143 x L1 were having good specific combiners ability for grain yield under heat stress. These inbreds can be used in breeding program for development of heat tolerant hybrids through exploitation of dominant gene action