La morale de Sartre . Une reconstruction

Comme Sartre l’a lui-même souligné, il convient de distinguer trois phases dans le développement de sa philosophie morale. La première est théorique, c’est celle de L’Être et le Néant et des Cahiers pour une morale. La seconde correspond à la Critique de la raison dialectique et à Détermination et liberté. Quant à la dernière, dont les grandes lignes sont parues dans les conversations avec Michel Sicard et Benny Levy, elle fut initiée en 1975 sous le titre de tra­vail « Pouvoir et liberté ». Comme les affirmations de ces deux auteurs sont toutefois sujettes à caution, nous concentrerons notre attention sur les deux premières phases. Sartre y déve­loppe sa théorie morale sur trois niveaux : celui de l’intention, celui des interactions so­ciales et celui de l’histoire. Bien que ces trois niveaux soient tous présents dans les deux premières phases que nous avons distinguées, Sartre attache plus d’attention au premier et au deuxième niveau dans la première phase, alors que dans la dernière, la dimension histo­rique domine clairement sa pensée. Dans la première phase, Sartre développe une théorie morale proche de celle de Kant, en établissant l’idéal du « royaume des fins » comme principe suprême. Il infléchit toutefois dans un sens historique la théorie kantienne en affir­mant que cet idéal n’est pas réalisable, et que le « royaume des fins » consiste précisément en la prépa­ration du royaume des fins. La découverte décisive de la seconde phase est l’intuition qu’en raison du manque chronique de moyens d’existence, tout homme est un adversaire pour les autres hommes et une me­nace permanence pour leurs existences. La question du bien moral n’est plus celle de la bonne volonté et de l’action humaine, mais celle du dépassement de cette situation de rareté. Cette bataille doit cependant être gagnée sur deux fronts : celui du progrès tech­nologique et économique, de manière à pouvoir contrôler les con­ditions matérielles de l’existence humaine, et celui du combat en faveur des oppri­més et des classes exploitées, pour leur libération. La deuxième philoso­phie morale de Sartre est donc plus d’inspiration marxiste, tandis que la pre­mière était inspirée par Kant.In the development of Sartre’s philosophy of morals, we have to distinguish three periods, as Sartre himself emphasized. The first of which is the theory we find in L’Être et le Néant and in the Cahiers pour une morale. The second corresponds to the Critique de la raison dialectique and Détermination et liberté. The last was initiated in 1975 under the wor­king title “Pouvoir et liberté”, which outline appears in the conversations with Benny Levy and Michel Sicard. As the latter are not very trustworthy we will concentrate our reconstruction on the first two steps.Sartre develops his moral theory in three levels : the level of intention, the level of social interaction and the level of history. Though all three levels are present in the first two periods we distinguished, in the first pe­riod Sartre pays more attention to the first and second level, while in the last period an historic dimension clearly dominates his thought. In the first period Sartre develops a moral theory in which he comes close to Kant’s position, establishing as the highest principle the ideal of the ‘realm of ends’. However, he gives this conception a historical twist by saying that the ‘realm of ends’ can never be reached and that “the ‘realm of ends’ pre­cisely consists in the preparation of the ‘realm of ends’”. The decisive discovery of the second period was the insight that, due to the scarcity of supplies for living, man is the adversary of other men and a per­manent threat to their existence. Therefore the ques­tion of moral good is no longer a question of good will and human behaviour, but a question of overcoming the situation of scarcity. However, this is a battle on two fronts : on technological and economic progress, to control the material conditions of human existence, and on the fight for the oppressed and exploited classes for their liberation. So the second moral philosophy follows more Marxist lines, while the first was inspired by Kant

Jak dalece możemy naturalizować filozofię praktyczną?

Zanim jeszcze Quine został prorokiem naturalizmu (Quine, 1969a, s. 83; 1969b, ss. 26-127), na gruncie filozofii analitycznej do dobrego tonu należało 'naturalizowanie' wszelkich możliwych dziedzin filozofii: starano się zamienić je w domenę przyrodoznawstwa, a przede wszystkim w domenę empiryzmu

Pragnienie i zamiar: przyczynek do dystynkcji pojęć

To answer the title question there has been initially introduced the elements of the Aristotle theory in order to confront it with the concepts of the linguistic paradigm philosophers. Finally, the author proposes a very own solution to this dilemma. Accordingly to the methodology of the linguistic paradigm, the paper brings about an analyse of the linguistic expressions to investigate whether they provide a sufficient premise to distinguish between desires and intentions. The author asks several questions which help him describe desires, and them confront achieved characteristics with the essential features of intentions. In conclusion, the paper put forward the case of the explanation of actions according to both desires and intention

Are we responsible for Our Actions?

The article discusses a responsibility game which is, in fact a ‘question-answer-game’. Firstly, the characteristic of the responsibility game is made. Secondly, the ontology of the responsibility game is settled. Thirdly, the causality of our intentions and the process of decision making are analysed in-depth. Fourthly, the importance of a decision criterion for the process of decisionmaking is proven; whereby, a definition of an action an agent is morally responsible for is finally formulated.4144673Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczn

Upper limits on the strength of periodic gravitational waves from PSR J1939+2134

The first science run of the LIGO and GEO gravitational wave detectors presented the opportunity to test methods of searching for gravitational waves from known pulsars. Here we present new direct upper limits on the strength of waves from the pulsar PSR J1939+2134 using two independent analysis methods, one in the frequency domain using frequentist statistics and one in the time domain using Bayesian inference. Both methods show that the strain amplitude at Earth from this pulsar is less than a few times $10^{-22}$.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, to appear in the Proceedings of the 5th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves, Tirrenia, Pisa, Italy, 6-11 July 200

Improving the sensitivity to gravitational-wave sources by modifying the input-output optics of advanced interferometers

We study frequency dependent (FD) input-output schemes for signal-recycling interferometers, the baseline design of Advanced LIGO and the current configuration of GEO 600. Complementary to a recent proposal by Harms et al. to use FD input squeezing and ordinary homodyne detection, we explore a scheme which uses ordinary squeezed vacuum, but FD readout. Both schemes, which are sub-optimal among all possible input-output schemes, provide a global noise suppression by the power squeeze factor, while being realizable by using detuned Fabry-Perot cavities as input/output filters. At high frequencies, the two schemes are shown to be equivalent, while at low frequencies our scheme gives better performance than that of Harms et al., and is nearly fully optimal. We then study the sensitivity improvement achievable by these schemes in Advanced LIGO era (with 30-m filter cavities and current estimates of filter-mirror losses and thermal noise), for neutron star binary inspirals, and for narrowband GW sources such as low-mass X-ray binaries and known radio pulsars. Optical losses are shown to be a major obstacle for the actual implementation of these techniques in Advanced LIGO. On time scales of third-generation interferometers, like EURO/LIGO-III (~2012), with kilometer-scale filter cavities, a signal-recycling interferometer with the FD readout scheme explored in this paper can have performances comparable to existing proposals. [abridged]Comment: Figs. 9 and 12 corrected; Appendix added for narrowband data analysi

METERON Analog-1: A Touch Remote

The METERON project (Multipurpose End-To-End Robotics Operations Network) was implemented by the European Space Agency as an initiative to prepare Europe for future humanrobotic exploration scenarios that in particular, focused on examination of the human-robotic partnership, and how this partnership could be optimized through an evaluation of the tools and methodologies utilized in the experiments in the domains of operations, communications and robotics (specifically with respect to control strategies)

Preliminary Results for the Multi-Robot, Multi-Partner, Multi-Mission, Planetary Exploration Analogue Campaign on Mount Etna

This paper was initially intended to report on the outcome of the twice postponed demonstration mission of the ARCHES project. Due to the global COVID pandemic, it has been postponed from 2020, then 2021, to 2022. Nevertheless, the development of our concepts and integration has progressed rapidly, and some of the preliminary results are worthwhile to share with the community to drive the dialog on robotics planetary exploration strategies. This paper includes an overview of the planned 4-week campaign, as well as the vision and relevance of the missiontowards the planned official space missions. Furthermore, the cooperative aspect of the robotic teams, the scientific motivation, the sub task achievements are summarised

Finally! Insights into the ARCHES Lunar Planetary Exploration Analogue Campaign on Etna in summer 2022

This paper summarises the first outcomes of the space demonstration mission of the ARCHES project which could have been performed this year from 13 june until 10 july on Italy’s Mt. Etna in Sicily. After the second postponement related to COVID from the initially for 2020 planed campaign, we are now very happy to report, that the whole campaign with more than 65 participants for four weeks has been successfully conduced. In this short overview paper, we will refer to all other publication here on IAC22. This paper includes an overview of the performed 4-week campaign and the achieved mission goals and first results but also share our findings on the organisational and planning aspects