Die Wirkung von Preis- und Nicht-Preis-Promotions auf die Markenloyalität

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Modell entwickelt, das die Wirkungen von Preis- und Nicht-Preis-Promotions auf die Markenloyalität von Konsumenten abbildet. Die Markenloyalitäts-Varia-ble von Guadagni/Little (1983) wird dabei dahingehend erweitert, daß die Änderung der Markenloyalität nach einem Promotion-Kauf eine andere ist als nach einem Kauf zu regulären Bedingungen. Wir schätzen das Modell in zwei Produktkategorien. Die Befunde zeigen zunächst, daß der Modell-Fit besser ist als in einem Basis-Modell ohne die Wirkungen von Promotions auf die Markenloyalität. Inhaltlich erkennt man, daß Preis-Promotions negativ wirken, während Nicht-Preis-Promotions die Markenloyalität im Fall von Handzetteln nicht und im Fall von Werbedamen-Promotions positiv beeinflussen. Wir diskutieren Schlußfolgerungen für Wissenschaftler und Manager.This paper develops a model for measuring the effects of sales promotion on purchase event feedback. The model directly assesses the extent to which promotion purchases contribute differently than non-promotion purchases to the dynamic component of Guadagni and Little's (1983) "brand loyalty" measure. It is applied to two product categories to compare the effects of price versus non-price promotions. Results suggest that the model improves the fit over a conventional model. Substantively, the results indicate that price promotions are associated with negative purchase event feedback compared to non-promotion purchases, while non-price promotions such as features, or sampling have no effect or in fact are associated with positive purchase event feedback, compared to purchases made off promotion. We discuss the implications of the research for both academics and practitioners

The Lake Bond deposit: superimposed volcanogenic and synorogenic base and precious metal mineralization in the Robert's Arm Group, central Newfoundland

The Lake Bond deposit is hosted by Lower Ordovician volcanic rocks of the Robert's Arm Group. Detailed penological studies indicate that there are two generations of superimposed alteration and sulphide deposition. The first generation mineralization is pre-kinematic, and is characterized by pyrite and Cu-Zn sulphides associated with pervasive chloritization and locally intense quartz-sericite alteration. The second generation mineralization occurs in syn- to post-kinematic veins, and comprises locally auriferous Cu-Zn-Pb sulphides in a dominantly Ca-Mg-Fe silicate gangue. First generation mineralization resulted in 5x to 100x enrichments in Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, As, Sb, Cd and Ba, with respect to the probable source basalts. Second generation veins, in contrast, carry 100x to 1000x enrichments in most of these metals (except Sb and Ba), substantial enrichments in Fe and Mn, ?10x enrichment in Ag, and a marked increase in the enrichment of Pb, Au, As and Ag relative to Cu and Zn compared to the first generation mineralization. Sphalerites in second generation veins are enriched in Cd, Mn and Fe relative to first generation sphalerites, parallelling enrichments in the whole rocks. The Ca-Mg-Fe vein silicate assemblage suggests fluid temperatures greater than 200°C and possibly greater than 300°C; abundant calcite in the veins implies that CO2 may have influenced mineralization. Fluid inclusions in second generation sphalerite yield average homogenization temperatures of about 306°C. The timing of deformation and second generation mineralization in the Lake Bond deposit is constrained to the early Silurian by cross-cutting relationships with dated post-tectonic plutons. Comparisons with other deposits in the Robert's Arm Group and deposits elsewhere in central Newfoundland suggest a two-stage metallogenic model comprising: (1) an early volcanogenic event coeval with the Lower Ordovician host rocks; and (2) early Silurian hydrothermal activity related to shearing and movement on major faults. The latter is tentatively correlated with a widespread lode gold mineralizing event in central Newfoundland. The second generation auriferous mineralization apparently preferentially overprinted early sulphide zones at Lake Bond suggesting an exploration potential for auriferous zones within low-grade volcanogenic sulphide stockworks in the Buchans-Robert's Arm Belt. RÉSUMÉ Le gite de Lake Bond est encaissé dans les volcanites du Groupe de Robert's Arm (Ordovicien inférieur). Des études pétrologiques détaillées meltent en évidence deux générations au sein desquelles une altération se superpose au dépôt des sulfures. La minéralisation de première génération est précinématique et se caractérise par de la pyrite et des sulfures de Cu-Zn associés à une chloritisation penétrante ainsi qu'à une altération à quartz et sericite localemenl intense. La minéralisation de seconde génération se développe dans des veines syn- à postcinemauques et comprend des sulfures à Cu-Zn-Pb localement auriferes à l'intérieur d'une gangue silicatée à dominante Ca-Fe-Mg. La minéralisation de première génération engendra un enrichissement de 5 à 100 fois en Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, As, Sb, Cd et Ba par rapport aux basaltes dont elle est probablement issue. En revanche, les veines de seconde génération présentent un enrichissement de 100 à 1000 fois pour la plupart de ces métaux (hormis Sb et Ba), un enrichissement substantiel en Fe et Mn, un enrichissement supérieur à 10 fois en Ag, ainsi qu'un accroissement marque de l'enrichissement en Pb, Au, As et Ag au regard de Cu et Zn par rapport à la minéralisation de première génération. En comparaison des blendes de première génération, les blendes localised dans les veines de second génération sont enrichies en Cd, Mn, Fe d 'une façon comparable à l’enrichissement de laroche to tale. L'assemblage silicaté à Ca-Fe-Mg des veines suggére une température des fluides supérieure à 200°C et peut-être dépassant les 300°C; l'abondance de calcite dans ces veines suggére une influence du CO2 sur la minéralisation. Les inclusions fluides dans la blende de seconde génération livrent des températures moyennes d'homogénéisation autour de 306°C. Le recoupement par des plutons post-cinématiques dont l'âge est connu permet de cantonner la déformation et la minéralisation de seconde génération dans le gite de Lake Bond au début du Silurien. Une comparaison avec les autres gites présents dans le Groupe de Robert's Arm ainsi qu'avec des gites situés en d'autres points du centre de Terre-Neuve suggére un modèle métallogénique en deux étapes qui sont: (1) un épisode volcanogène précoce contemporain des roches éncaissantes ordoviciermes inférieures et (2) un hydrothermalisme eosilurien en liaison avec un cisaillement et un déplacement le long de failles majeures. On conele provisoirement cet hydrothermalisme avec un épisode repandu de minéralisation filonienne en or dans le centre de Terre-Neuve. Il semble qu'à Lake Bond, la minéralisation aurifere de seconde génération se soit supérposée aux zones de sulfures précoces, ce qui suggére un potentiel d'exploration pour les zones auriferes au sein des stockwerks de sulfures volcanogènes à faible teneur dans la ceinture de Buchans-Robert's Arm. [Traduit par le journal

Deformation of continental crust along a transform boundary, Coast Mountains, British Columbia

New structural, paleomagnetic, and apatite (U-Th)/He results from the continental margin inboard of the Queen Charlotte fault (~54°N) delineate patterns of brittle faulting linked to transform development since ~50 Ma. In the core of the orogen, ~250 km from the transform, north striking, dip-slip brittle faults and vertical axis rotation of large crustal domains occurred after ~50 Ma and before intrusion of mafic dikes at 20 Ma. By 20 Ma, dextral faulting was active in the core of the orogen, but extension had migrated toward the transform, continuing there until <9 Ma. Local tilting in the core of the orogen is associated with glacially driven, post-4 Ma exhumation. Integration with previous results shows that post-50 Ma dextral and normal faulting affected a region ~250 km inboard of the transform and ~300 km along strike. Initially widespread, the zone of active extension narrowed and migrated toward the transform ~25 Ma after initiation of the transform, while dextral faulting continued throughout the region. Differential amounts of post-50 Ma extension created oroclines at the southern and northern boundaries of the deformed region. This region approximately corresponds to continental crust that was highly extended just prior to transform initiation. Variation in Neogene crustal tilts weakens interpretations relying on uniform tilting to explain anomalous paleomagnetic inclinations of mid-Cretaceous plutons. Similarities to the Gulf of California suggest that development of a transform in continental crust is aided by previous crustal extension and that initially widespread extension narrows and moves toward the transform as the margin develops

Characterizing 15 Years of Saharan-like, Dry, Well-Mixed Air Layers in North Africa

The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is a dry, well-mixed layer (WML) of warm and sometimes dusty air of nearly constant water vapor mixing ratio generated by the intense surface heating and strong, dry convection in the Sahara Desert, which has notable downstream impacts on the surface energy balance, organized convective system development, seasonal precipitation, and air quality. Characterizing both WMLs and SALs from the existing rawinsonde network has proven challenging because of its sparseness and inconsistent data reporting. Spurred on by this challenge, we previously created a detection methodology and supporting software to automate the identification and characterization of WMLs from multiple data sources including rawinsondes, remote sensing platforms, and model products. We applied our algorithm to each dataset at both its native and at a common (most coarse data product) vertical resolution to detect WMLs and their characteristics (temperature, mixing ratio, AOD, etc.) at each of the 53 rawinsonde launch sites in north Africa

Reaching Far into the Woods: Impact of Roads on Forest Structure in China

Land Economics/Use,

Anchored multi-phasic osteochondral construct

Disclosed are osteochondral constructs that can be utilized to encourage both bone and articular cartilage tissue repair in synovial joints. Disclosed constructs are composites including a hydrogel portion for implant in a cartilage defect site and an adjacent portion for implant in a bone defect site. The portion to be implanted in a bone defect site can include a polymeric/ceramic composite material. Disclosed constructs also include a polymeric anchor that can secure the construct at the desired site. Disclosed constructs can also include capillary channeled fibers within the bone portion of the construct that can provide improved nutrient flow to and waste flow from cells growing and developing on and in the construct

An Experimental and Computational Investigation of a Translating Throat Single Expansion-Ramp Nozzle

A translating throat single expansion-ramp nozzle (SERN) concept was designed to improve the off-design performance of a SERN with a large, fixed expansion ratio. The concept of translating the nozzle throat provides the SERN with a variable expansion ratio. An experimental and computational study was conducted to predict and verify the internal performance of this concept. Three nozzles with expansion ratios designed for low, intermediate, and high Mach number operating conditions were tested in the Jet-Exit Test Facility at the NASA Langley Research Center. Each nozzle was tested with a concave and a convex geometric expansion ramp surface design. Internal nozzle performance, paint-oil flow and focusing Schlieren flow visualization were obtained for nozzle pressure ratios (NPR's) up to 13. The Navier-Stokes code, PAB3D, with a k-epsilon turbulence model was utilized to verify experimental results at selected NPR's and to predict the performance at conditions unattainable in the test facility. Two-dimensional simulations were computed with near static free-stream conditions and at nozzle pressure ratios of 5, 9, and 13 for the concave ramp, low Mach number configuration and at the design NPR of 102 for the concave ramp, high Mach number configuration. Remarkable similarities between predicted and experimental flow characteristics, as well as performance quantities, were obtained

Experimental and Computational Investigation of a Translating-Throat Single-Expansion-Ramp Nozzle

An experimental and computational study was conducted on a high-speed, single-expansion-ramp nozzle (SERN) concept designed for efficient off-design performance. The translating-throat SERN concept adjusts the axial location of the throat to provide a variable expansion ratio and allow a more optimum jet exhaust expansion at various flight conditions in an effort to maximize nozzle performance. Three design points (throat locations) were investigated to simulate the operation of this concept at subsonic-transonic, low supersonic, and high supersonic flight conditions. The experimental study was conducted in the jet exit test facility at the Langley Research Center. Internal nozzle performance was obtained at nozzle pressure ratios (NPR's) up to 13 for six nozzles with design nozzle pressure ratios near 9, 42, and 102. Two expansion-ramp surfaces, one concave and one convex, were tested for each design point. Paint-oil flow and focusing schlieren flow visualization techniques were utilized to acquire additional flow data at selected NPR'S. The Navier-Stokes code, PAB3D, was used with a two-equation k-e turbulence model for the computational study. Nozzle performance characteristics were predicted at nozzle pressure ratios of 5, 9, and 13 for the concave ramp, low Mach number nozzle and at 10, 13, and 102 for the concave ramp, high Mach number nozzle