48,632 research outputs found
The ionization of hydrogen and of hydrogenic positive ions by electron impact
Ionization of hydrogen and hydrogenic positive ions by electron impac
Ion kinetic energy conservation and magnetic field strength constancy in multi-fluid solar wind Alfv\'enic turbulence
We investigate properties of the plasma fluid motion in the large amplitude
low frequency fluctuations of highly Alfv\'enic fast solar wind. We show that
protons locally conserve total kinetic energy when observed from an effective
frame of reference comoving with the fluctuations. For typical properties of
the fast wind, this frame can be reasonably identified by alpha particles,
which, owing to their drift with respect to protons at about the Alfv\'en speed
along the magnetic field, do not partake in the fluid low frequency
fluctuations. Using their velocity to transform proton velocity into the frame
of Alfv\'enic turbulence, we demonstrate that the resulting plasma motion is
characterized by a constant absolute value of the velocity, zero electric
fields, and aligned velocity and magnetic field vectors as expected for
unidirectional Alfv\'enic fluctuations in equilibrium. We propose that this
constraint, via the correlation between velocity and magnetic field in
Alfv\'enic turbulence, is at the origin of the observed constancy of the
magnetic field: while the constant velocity corresponding to constant energy
can be only observed in the frame of the fluctuations, the correspondingly
constant total magnetic field, invariant for Galilean transformations, remains
the observational signature, in the spacecraft frame, of the constant total
energy in the Alfv\'en turbulence frame.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
One-dimensional description of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a rotating closed-loop waveguide
We propose a general procedure for reducing the three-dimensional Schrodinger
equation for atoms moving along a strongly confining atomic waveguide to an
effective one-dimensional equation. This procedure is applied to the case of a
rotating closed-loop waveguide. The possibility of including mean-field atomic
interactions is presented. Application of the general theory to characterize a
new concept of atomic waveguide based on optical tweezers is finally discussed
Low dimensional magnetic solids and single crystal elpasolites: Need for improved crystal growing techniques
The need for extensive crystal growing experiments to develop techniques for preparing crystals suitable for magnetic anisotropy measurements and detailed X-ray and neutron diffraction studies is rationalized on the basis of the unique magnetic properties of the materials and their hydrogen bonded structures which have many features in common with metalloenzyme and metalloprotein active sites. Single crystals of the single and mixed lanthanide species are prepared by the Bridgeman technique of gradient solidification of molten samples. The effects of crystal imperfections on the optical properties of these materials are an important part of the projected research. A series of a-amido acid complexes of first row transition metals were prepared which crystallize as infinite linear chains and exhibit low dimensional magnetic ordering (one or two) at temperature below 40 K
Enhanced vaccine control of epidemics in adaptive networks
We study vaccine control for disease spread on an adaptive network modeling
disease avoidance behavior. Control is implemented by adding Poisson
distributed vaccination of susceptibles. We show that vaccine control is much
more effective in adaptive networks than in static networks due to an
interaction between the adaptive network rewiring and the vaccine application.
Disease extinction rates using vaccination are computed, and orders of
magnitude less vaccine application is needed to drive the disease to extinction
in an adaptive network than in a static one
Critical Behavior of the 3d Random Field Ising Model: Two-Exponent Scaling or First Order Phase Transition?
In extensive Monte Carlo simulations the phase transition of the random field
Ising model in three dimensions is investigated. The values of the critical
exponents are determined via finite size scaling. For a Gaussian distribution
of the random fields it is found that the correlation length diverges
with an exponent at the critical temperature and that
with for the connected susceptibility
and with for
the disconnected susceptibility. Together with the amplitude ratio
being close to one this gives
further support for a two exponent scaling scenario implying
. The magnetization behaves discontinuously at the
transition, i.e. , indicating a first order transition. However, no
divergence for the specific heat and in particular no latent heat is found.
Also the probability distribution of the magnetization does not show a
multi-peak structure that is characteristic for the phase-coexistence at first
order phase transition points.Comment: 14 pages, RevTeX, 11 postscript figures (fig9.ps and fig11.ps should
be printed separately
Effects of low energy electron irradiation on formation of nitrogen-vacancy centers in single-crystal diamond
Exposure to beams of low energy electrons (2 to 30 keV) in a scanning
electron microscope locally induces formation of NV-centers without thermal
annealing in diamonds that have been implanted with nitrogen ions. We find that
non-thermal, electron beam induced NV-formation is about four times less
efficient than thermal annealing. But NV-center formation in a consecutive
thermal annealing step (800C) following exposure to low energy electrons
increases by a factor of up to 1.8 compared to thermal annealing alone. These
observations point to reconstruction of nitrogen-vacancy complexes induced by
electronic excitations from low energy electrons as an NV-center formation
mechanism and identify local electronic excitations as a means for spatially
controlled room-temperature NV-center formation
The nature of the long time decay at a second order transition point
We show that at a second order phase transition, of \phi^4 like system, a
necessary condition for streched exponential decay of the time structure factor
is obeyed. Using the ideas presented in this proof a crude estimate of the
decay of the structure factor is obtained and shown to yield stretched
exponential decay under very reasonable conditions.Comment: 7 page
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