TRADE SANCTIONS AND EFFECTS ON LONG-RUN STOCKS OF MARINE MAMMALS

Trade sanctions are used to influence the long-run management of an ecological system in another country, trying to secure a large predator stock by using sanctions on the exports of the products from the predator or the prey. This corresponds to U.S. sanctions on Norwegian fish exports aiming to prevent or reduce harvesting of Minke whales. Threats of sanctions influence long-run equilibrium, but do not secure increased stocks and decreased harvesting. The outcome depends on the bioeconomic interaction between the species, and the managerial system in the Target country. It is neither obvious that the sanctions are credible, nor that the Sender will succeed. The interaction between the species is crucial for evaluating the effects of the sanctions.International Relations/Trade, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Guidelines for learning stations : a continuing professional education monograph

"UED 42 4/77/SM:""Learning stations are much discussed and often written about. Educators are busy designing and planning learning centers for students, believing the centers motivate students and reinforce learning. Those who believe that students have different learning styles know too that some students do not care for learning stations. Also, much general instruction and learning are through interaction in small and large groups and teacher participation. The teacher is still responsible for the basic instruction, and stations are only a part of the instructional program. The following information will provide hints for the beginner in building learning stations, for those who have tried a few and desire to refine their technique, and for those who have had unsuccessful experiences."--Page 1

Trade for nature

Optimal management of biodiversity at the national level, even if achievable, is not necessarily consistent with a global optimum. While the existence of trading relationships allows for the possibility of the use of trade interventions as a means of imposing unilateral solutions, the presence of unidirectional global externalities suggests as an alternative policy the use of international transfers to achieve a co-operative solution. The following paper develops a two-country comparative trade model in which one country contains a biological resource that it exploits for domestic consumption or export while simultaneously converting habitat land for use in other economic activities. The second country does not have any stocks of this resource but values its global conservation. The latter country also produces a consumption good which it is willing to trade for the harvested resource exports of the first country. Trade has a direct effect on conservation of the biological resource through impacts on exports and thus harvesting levels, as well as an indirect effect through substitution of imports for consumption activities that lead to the conversion of habitat. We use this model to explore how national trade policy behaviour distorts the management of a biological resource, and in particular fails to achieve a global or 'cosmopolitan' optimum. We demonstrate the effects of trade policy interventions that influence the terms of trade (TOT), and international transfers that are 'neutral' with respect to the TOT. The possibility of a 'trade for nature' agreement, including free trade in exchange for a cosmopolitan stock of the resource, is discussed. It is argued that this is an option when two conditions are fulfilled: neither free trade nor an optimal tariff must be a safe option for any of the countries; and the optimal tariff on the resource products must be positive

Experimental verification of position-dependent angular-momentum selection rules for absorption of twisted light by a bound electron

We analyze the multipole excitation of atoms with twisted light, i.e, by a vortex light field that carries orbital angular momentum. A single trapped 40Ca+ ion serves as a localized and positioned probe of the exciting field. We drive the transition and observe the relative strengths of different transitions, depending on the ion's transversal position with respect to the center of the vortex light field. On the other hand, transition amplitudes are calculated for a twisted light field in form of a Bessel beam, a Bessel-Gauss and a Laguerre-Gauss mode. Analyzing experimental obtained transition amplitudes we find agreement with the theoretical predictions at a level of better than 3%. Finally, we propose measurement schemes with two-ion crystals to enhance the sensing accuracy of vortex modes in future experiments.Fil: Afanasev, Andrei. The George Washington University; Estados UnidosFil: Carlson, Carl E.. College of William and Mary; Estados UnidosFil: Schmiegelow, Christian Tomás. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Institute of Physics; Alemania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Schulz, Jonas. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Institute of Physics; AlemaniaFil: Schmidt-kaler, Ferdinand. Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Institute of Physics; AlemaniaFil: Solyanik, Maria. The George Washington University; Estados Unido

The most-asked questions about gifted children : Answers for parents and educators

"UED 68 7/82/6M""This booklet answers the questions parents ask about their gifted children. In compiling these questions and answers, our goal is to provide parents and educators with the resources they need to answer questions and solve problems. Secondly, our aim is to shed some light on the unique problems of gifted children and to provide some insight into possible solutions. We have designed this booklet both as a guide for parents and as a tool for educators to use with parents of gifted children."--from Introduction.Carl C. Fehrle, Linda Duffy, and Jolene Schulz, Photos by Duane Dailey, Editing and Design by Barbara Coope

Inexpensive Ultrahigh Vacuum Heatable/Coolable \u3cem\u3exyz\u3c/em\u3e-Rotary Motion Sample Manipulator

A simple design for a heatable, coolable, rotable sample manipulator, suitable for ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) applications, is described. Highlights of the design include using a combination power/thermocouple feedthrough for heating, cooling, and temperature measurement; and the use of primarily off-the-shelf components available from most UHV components vendors. The described manipulator is capable of sample cooling to ~100 K, sample heating to above 900 K, while maintaining 360o of rotary motion, ~1 in. of x and y motion, and 2 in. of z motion. The apparatus can be assembled for approximately $5500 (all new parts) and uses about 3 l of liquid N2 per day. © 1995 American Institute of Physics

Characterization of connection details for truss-diaphragm for use in full-scale experiments focused on lateral contribution of gravity connections in steel frames

Typical structures derive lateral strength and stiffness from only a limited number of lateral load resisting elements. Gravity framing normally accounts for the vast majority of members in a structure and is assumed not to contribute to the lateral resistance of the frame. This assumption is partly due to the perfect pin idealization for gravity connections. However, research has indicated that gravity framing offers a nonnegligible amount of lateral resistance both due to moment resistance in the connections and continuity of gravity columns. In aggregate, the moment resistance of gravity framing may substantially impact the lateral capacity of a structure. This thesis presents the details of a system-level test specimen that will be used to evaluate the contribution of gravity framing to the lateral resistance of a steel building structure. This overall research investigation is an extension of the work published by Donahue (2019) and employs many of the same details. The specimen described herein is a two-bay by three-bay structure that utilizes double-angle shear connections in the direction of loading. This structure represents one floor of a representative building with columns spanning from mid-height of the story below to mid-height of the story above. The specimen will be tested as a bare-steel frame to collect calibration data for forthcoming tests that include composite decking. In addition to explaining the geometry of the specimen, this thesis details computational and experimental testing completed to validate a horizontal-to-vertical connection between a knife plate and a WT section in a top truss diaphragm that is used to distribute lateral loads throughout the specimen. This connection was designed with the intent that the WT section will accommodate bending while limiting permanent deformations in the knife plate. While the knife plate was observed to experience substantial plastic strains in experimental subassembly testing, it was decided that the magnitude of residual deformation sustained by the knife plate would not substantially impact the constructability of subsequent test specimens. Therefore, the detail was used in the full-scale system-level specimen.Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineerin

Multi-parameter immune profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry in patients with early multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in rodent models demonstrated an association of CNS-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages with disease severity. However, little is known about humans. Here, we performed an exploratory analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy controls and drug-naïve patients with early MS using multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry and algorithm-based data analysis. Two antibody panels comprising a total of 64 antibodies were designed to comprehensively analyse diverse immune cell populations, with particular emphasis on monocytes. PBMC composition and marker expression were overall similar between the groups. However, an increased abundance of CCR7+ and IL-6+ T cells was detected in early MS-PBMCs, whereas NFAT1hiT-bethiCD4+ T cells were decreased. Similarly, we detected changes in the subset composition of the CCR7+ and MIPβhi HLA-DR+ lymphocyte compartment. Only mild alterations were detected in monocytes/myeloid cells of patients with early MS, namely a decreased abundance of CD141hiIRF8hiCXCR3+CD68- dendritic cells. Unlike in Crohn's disease, no significant differences were found in the monocyte fraction of patients with early MS compared to healthy controls. This study provides a valuable resource for future studies designed to characterise and target diverse PBMC subsets in MS

Nachhaltige naturschutzfachliche Renaturierung von Naturräumen durch ein Projekt- und Naturschutzflächenmanagement: belegt am Beispiel von Kernzonen des Biotopverbundsystems im Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Entwickelt wird ein Auswahlverfahren, um den möglichen Erfolg bei der Umsetzung von Naturschutzprojekten vorher einzuschätzen. Mit Hilfe des Projekt- und Naturschutzflächenmanagements werden alle erreichbaren Daten über den geplanten Projektbereich gesammelt, ausgewertet und bewertet. Sie bilden die Grundlage für die Einschätzung des Erwerbes oder des Tausches der benötigten Flächen. Die für die Bewertung aufgestellten Regeln ermöglichen die Festlegung von Projekten. Sie verkürzen den Projektzeitraum und lenken vorhandene Finanzmittel an die "richtige" Stelle. Nicht notwendige Ausgaben werden eingespart und direkt den Projekten zugeführt.A method for the assessment of the practical realization of nature reservation projects is developed. With the aid of project- and nature-conservation-management all available data about the planned project-area are collected, evaluated and valuated. They are the key for the assessment of the acquisation or the barter of needed areas. The developed rules for valuation enable the fixation of the projects. They shorten the period of realization and guide available finances to the „right“ point. Not necessary expense is saved and is directly spent on the projects being realized

Dietary saturated fat and low-grade inflammation modified by accelerometer-measured physical activity in adolescence: results from the GINIplus and LISA birth cohorts

BackgroundSaturated fatty acids (SFA) have been reported to promote inflammation. Nevertheless, evidence linking dietary SFA and low-grade inflammation in adolescents is scarce and inconsistent. The modulatory role of physical activity (PA) on fat metabolism and inflammation may provide a potential explanation. Thus, we assessed the association of dietary SFA with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a marker of low-grade inflammation, in 15-year-olds, and evaluated possible interactions between dietary SFA and different levels of PA.MethodsChildren participating in the 15-year follow-ups of the GINIplus and LISA German birth cohort studies were included (N=824). SFA intake was estimated by means of a food frequency questionnaire and PA recorded by accelerometers. Average daily minutes of PA were classified into sedentary, light and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), using Freedson's cut-offs. HsCRP concentrations were measured in serum and categorized into 3 sex-specific levels (below detection limit (I), above 75th percentile (III), in between (II)). Sex-stratified cross-sectional associations between SFA and hsCRP were assessed using multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Interaction terms were included between SFA and the different PA levels;and if significant interactions were observed, analyses stratified by tertiles of the relevant PA levels were performed. Relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were presented for a 1% increase in SFA.ResultsAn inverse association was observed between SFA intake and hsCRP (II vs. I) in males (RRR=0.85 [95%CI=0.76;0.96], p=0.008), whereas no significant association was observed in females. A significant interaction was observed with sedentary and light PA but not with MVPA in both sexes (p<0.05). Stratified analyses indicated a significant inverse association between SFA and medium hsCRP levels in males in the highest light PA tertile (hsCRP II vs. I: 0.67 [0.517;0.858], p=0.002).ConclusionOur findings do not support a detrimental role of dietary SFA in low-grade inflammation among adolescents. In males, higher dietary SFA was associated with lower hsCRP, although this should be interpreted in the context of possibly correlated nutrients. Children spending the most time in light PA drove the observed inverse association, suggesting a synergistic effect of SFA and lifestyle PA in the resultant inflammatory response