Experimental Test of Higher-Order Electron-Capture Processes in Collisions of Fast Protons with Atomic Hydrogen

We present measurements of the angular distribution of fast hydrogen atoms formed by electron capture of 2.8- and 5.0-MeV protons in atomic hydrogen. In the angular region of the Thomas peak (0.47 mrad) the experimental results obtained with this pure three-body collision system are in reasonable agreement with a strong-potential Born calculation and the impulse approximation, but not with other higher-order theories

Resonant Transfer and Excitation in Li-Like F Colliding with H₂

We have measured coincidences between x rays and projectiles that have captured one electron in F6+ + H2 collisions at projectile energies between 15 and 33 MeV. The cross sections for capture and simultaneous x-ray emission as a function of projectile energy show clear structures. Indications of an unexpectedly high population of high-n states predominantly formed by resonant transfer and excitation (RTE) were found. Above the Kln (n\u3e1) RTE resonance energies another maximum was observed

Single Transfer-Excitation Resonance Observed Via the Two-Photon Decay in He-like Ge³⁰⁺

We measured the 2E1 decay of the 1s2s 1S0 →1s2 1S0 transition in He-like germanium for 12- to 19-MeV/u Ge31+ +H2 collisions. The resonant population of the 2s2p 1P1 state by transfer excitation was isolated due to its cascading to the 1s2s 1S0 state. The experimental cross sections compare well with calculations using dielectronic recombination rates. The method gives the unique possibility to populate selectively the 1S0 state in heavy He-like ions

Two-Center Interference in p-H2 Electron-Transfer Collisions

We report on measurements of transfer excitation in collisions of 0.3-1.3 MeV protons with spatially oriented H2 molecules. Evidences of two center interference are found in the angular distribution of the molecule after a transfer excitation process and directly in the projectile angular scattering distributions. These features can be explained in a way which is analogous to that for the interferences in Young\u27s classical double slit experiment: The fast projectiles preferentially capture electrons close to either of the molecular nuclei, and thereby they change their momenta and de Broglie wavelengths. The waves emerging from the two \u27slits\u27 of the molecule interfere yielding the observed interference structure

Projectile Energy Loss in Multiply Ionizing Ion-Atom Collisions

The projectile energy loss for 7.5--25-MeV C6+,5+ and F6+ ions was measured for single collisions with He, Ne, Ar, and Kr as a function of the recoil-ion charge state and the projectile scattering. This energy loss was measured for collisions in which the projectile captured an electron and for those involving just direct ionization. We investigated and found a large average energy transfer (100--250 eV/electron) to the continuum electrons. A strong increase of the scattering angle with recoil-ion charge state was observed for both capture and direct ionization. The results imply that, for smaller impact parameters, higher recoil-ion charge states are produced and that higher energy losses are obtained. We observed a weak target-Z dependence of the energy loss. The results are compared with n-body classical-trajectory Monte Carlo calculations by Olson, semiclassical-approximation calculations by Schuch et al. [Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 42, 566 (1989)], and the energy-deposition model

Population of Highly Excited Intermediate Resonance States by Electron Transfer and Excitation

Coincidences between two sulfur K x rays were detected from collisions of hydrogenlike S ions with H2 gas in the projectile energy range between 150 and 225 MeV. These K x rays are emitted in the decay of doubly excited states formed in the collisions via transfer and excitation. The excitation function for two coincident Kβ transitions peaks at about 175 MeV, slightly above the expected KMM resonance energy for resonant transfer and excitation (RTE). This demonstrates the occurrence of ΔN≥2 transitions (i.e., KMM and higher resonances) in the RTE process. The cross sections for the population of the very highly excited states are higher than those predicted by theoretical calculations that use dielectronic recombination rates folded with the Compton profile for the bound electrons

Evidence of Wave-Particle Duality for Single Fast Hydrogen Atoms

We report the direct observation of interference effects in a Young\u27s double-slit experiment where the interfering waves are two spatially separated components of the de Broglie wave of single 1.3 MeV hydrogen atoms formed close to either target nucleus in H++H2 electron-transfer collisions. Quantum interference strongly influences the results even though the hydrogen atoms have a de Broglie wavelength, λdB, as small as 25 fm

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups

Background: Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention). Methods: In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care. Results: Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67-0.95]; P=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69-1.06]) prevention groups (P for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59-1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56-1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (P for interaction >0.5 for each outcome). Conclusions: Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Experimental rate coefficients of F5+ recombining into F4+

Recombination spectra of F5+ producing F4+ have been investigated with high-energy resolution, using the CRYRING heavy-ion storage ring. The absolute recombination rate coefficients are derived in the centre-of-mass energy range of 0-25 eV. The experimental results are compared with intermediate-coupling AUTOSTRUCTURE calculations for 2s-2p (Delta n = 0) core excitation and show very good agreement in the resonance energy positions and intensities. Trielectronic recombination with 2s(2)-2p(2) transitions are clearly identified in the spectrum. Contributions from F5+ ions in an initial metastable state are also considered. The energy-dependent recombination spectra are convoluted with Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution in the 10(3)-10(6) K temperature range. The resulting temperature-dependent rate coefficients are compared with theoretical results from the literature. In the 10(3)-10(4) K range, the calculated data significantly underestimates the plasma recombination rate coefficients. Above 8 x 10(4) K, our AUTOSTRUCTURE results and plasma rate coefficients from elsewhere show agreement that is better than 25% with the experimental results.AuthorCount:5;Fundin agencies:Swedish Research Council VR  </p