21,752 research outputs found
A survey of stellar X-ray flares from the XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue: Hipparcos-Tycho cool stars
The X-ray emission from flares on cool (i.e. spectral-type F-M) stars is
indicative of very energetic, transient phenomena, associated with energy
release via magnetic reconnection. We present a uniform, large-scale survey of
X-ray flare emission. The XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue and its
associated data products provide an excellent basis for a comprehensive and
sensitive survey of stellar flares - both from targeted active stars and from
those observed serendipitously in the half-degree diameter field-of-view of
each observation. The 2XMM Catalogue and the associated time-series
(`light-curve') data products have been used as the basis for a survey of X-ray
flares from cool stars in the Hipparcos Tycho-2 catalogue. In addition, we have
generated and analysed spectrally-resolved (i.e. hardness-ratio), X-ray
light-curves. Where available, we have compared XMM OM UV/optical data with the
X-ray light-curves. Our sample contains ~130 flares with well-observed
profiles; they originate from ~70 stars. The flares range in duration from ~1e3
to ~1e4 s, have peak X-ray fluxes from ~1e-13 to ~1e-11 erg/cm2/s, peak X-ray
luminosities from ~1e29 to ~1e32 erg/s, and X-ray energy output from ~1e32 to
~1e35 erg. Most of the ~30 serendipitously-observed stars have little
previously reported information. The hardness-ratio plots clearly illustrate
the spectral (and hence inferred temperature) variations characteristic of many
flares, and provide an easily accessible overview of the data. We present flare
frequency distributions from both target and serendipitous observations. The
latter provide an unbiased (with respect to stellar activity) study of flare
energetics; in addition, they allow us to predict numbers of stellar flares
that may be detected in future X-ray wide-field surveys. The serendipitous
sample demonstrates the need for care when calculating flaring rates.Comment: 26 pages, 24 figures. Additional tables and figures available as 4
ancillary files. To be published in Astronomy and Astrophysic
Acoustic-loads research for powered-lift configurations
Data presented from large-scale model tests with jet engines having thrusts of 9 kN (2000 lb) and 36 kN (8000 lb) include acoustic loads for an externally blown wing and flap induced by a TF34 jet engine, an upper surface blown (USB) aircraft model in a wind tunnel, and two USB models in static tests. Comparisons of these results with results from acoustic loads studies on configurations of other sizes are made and the implications of these results on interior noise and acoustic fatigue are discussed
Specific predictors of length and frequency effects in German beginning readers: Testing component processes of sublexical and lexical reading in the DRC
Evidence for magnetic clusters in NiV close to the quantum critical concentration
The d-metal alloy NiV undergoes a quantum phase transition from
a ferromagnetic ground state to a paramagnetic ground state as the vanadium
concentration is increased. We present magnetization, ac-susceptibility and
muon-spin relaxation data at several vanadium concentrations near the critical
concentration at which the onset of ferromagnetic order is
suppressed to zero temperature. Below , the muon data reveal a broad
magnetic field distribution indicative of long-range ordered ferromagnetic
state with spatial disorder. We show evidence of magnetic clusters in the
ferromagnetic phase and close to the phase boundary in this disordered
itinerant system as an important generic ingredient of a disordered quantum
phase transition. In contrast, the temperature dependence of the magnetic
susceptibility above is best described in terms of a magnetic quantum
Griffiths phase with a power-law distribution of fluctuation rates of dynamic
magnetic clusters. At the lowest temperatures, the onset of a short-range
ordered cluster-glass phase is recognized by an increase in the muon
depolarization in transverse fields and maxima in ac-susceptibility.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Proceedings of SCES 201
Self-dual Embeddings of K_{4m,4n} in Different Orientable and Nonorientable Pseudosurfaces with the Same Euler Characteristic
A proper embedding of a graph G in a pseudosurface P is an embedding in which the regions of the complement of G in P are homeomorphic to discs and a vertex of G appears at each pinchpoint in P; we say that a proper embedding of G in P is self dual if there exists an isomorphism from G to its dual graph. We give an explicit construction of a self-dual embedding of the complete bipartite graph K_{4m,4n} in an orientable pseudosurface for all ; we show that this embedding maximizes the number of umbrellas of each vertex and has the property that for any vertex v of K_{4m,4n}, there are two faces of the constructed embedding that intersect all umbrellas of v. Leveraging these properties and applying a lemma of Bruhn and Diestel, we apply a surgery introduced here or a different known surgery of Edmonds to each of our constructed embeddings for which at least one of m or n is at least 2. The result of these surgeries is that there exist distinct orientable and nonorientable pseudosurfaces with the same Euler characteristic that feature a self-dual embedding of K_{4m,4n}
Color television study Final report, Nov. 1965 - Mar. 1966
Color television camera for transmission from lunar and earth orbits and lunar surfac
Scale Invariance in Road Networks
We study the topological and geographic structure of the national road
networks of the United States, England and Denmark. By transforming these
networks into their dual representation, where roads are vertices and an edge
connects two vertices if the corresponding roads ever intersect, we show that
they exhibit both topological and geographic scale invariance. That is, we show
that for sufficiently large geographic areas, the dual degree distribution
follows a power law with exponent 2.2 < alpha < 2.4, and that journeys,
regardless of their length, have a largely identical structure. To explain
these properties, we introduce and analyze a simple fractal model of road
placement that reproduces the observed structure, and suggests a testable
connection between the scaling exponent alpha and the fractal dimensions
governing the placement of roads and intersections.Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures; revision incorporates more rigorous statistical
analyses; matches journal versio
The thermodynamics of urban population flows
Orderliness, reflected via mathematical laws, is encountered in different
frameworks involving social groups. Here we show that a thermodynamics can be
constructed that macroscopically describes urban population flows. Microscopic
dynamic equations and simulations with random walkers underlie the macroscopic
approach. Our results might be regarded, via suitable analogies, as a step
towards building an explicit social thermodynamics
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