Investigations into alkene hydration and alkene oxidation catalysis

Bimetallic Ni complexes Ni21M and Ni21R and monometallic transition metal complexes were investigated as possible alkene hydration catalysts under a multitude of different reaction conditions. All attempts at performing this catalytic reaction failed to give any alcohol products. Catalytic screening experiments were conducted using a mixture of racemic-et,ph-P4 and meso-et,ph-P4, 1M and 1R, and various transition metals. These experiments gave several different products including 1-phenylethanol from styrene. During the course of the hydration experiments, an aldehyde product was identified from experiments conducted with the bimetallic complexes in air. Experiments have shown that the aldehyde is produced from the oxidative cleavage of the double bond of an alkene. The oxidative cleavage is a non-catalytic reaction and all attempts to produce a catalytic reaction have failed. The evidence collected suggests the oxidative cleavage is coupled with phosphine oxidation and a catalytic reaction will not be possible. A detailed solution-state investigation of Ni21M and Ni22R was conducted via 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy in the presence of water. These experiments have shown that a complex reaction occurs between the bimetallic complexes and water which ultimately leads to the formation of bimetallic Ni complexes with two tetraphosphine ligands bound. The reaction that occurs is dependent on several variables. One of these bimetallic complexes, [Ni2(µ-Cl)(1M)2][BF4]3, has been independently synthesized and characterized via X-ray crystallography. The NMR experiments have allowed us to propose a reaction scheme in which phosphine dissociation from one of the complexes formed in solution ultimately leads to the formation of the double ligand species. The synthesis, separation and characterization of racemic- and meso-(Et2P-1,2-C6H4)PCH2P(1,2-C6H4-PEt2), 2R and 2M has been successfully achieved. A successful synthesis of the bimetallic Ni complexes has been developed which allows for clean separation of both diastereomers. Cyanolysis of the two bimetallic complexes has allowed us to isolate each diastereomer of the ligand in greater than 95% purity. Unfortunately the cyanolysis suffers from low yields of the free ligand and is not a practical means for isolating the pure diastereomers. Two monometallic Ni cyanide complexes isolated from the cyanolysis experiments have been characterized via X-ray crystallography

A NEW MODERNITY: Living and Believing in an Unstable World

Dalam situasi tak stabil saat ini konsep postmodernitas dan multikulturalisme tak lagi banyak berguna. Pluralitas dan fragmentasi hanya menarik saat kondisi sosial stabil dan aman, saat keragaman kultural tampil sebagai aneka pilihan. Yang dibutuhkan kini adalah rasa keutuhan baru. Namun berbagai jalur pencarian keutuhan saat ini macam fundamentalisme, romantisisme, universalisme dan "splitting" ternyata juga tak cukup realistis menghadapi kompleksitas tuntutan jaman.Artikel ini mengusulkan konsep "modernitas baru", yang mengandung prinsip reflektivitas, kesadaran atas kaburnya batas-batas, kemampuan menerima hibriditas, dan orientasi kosmopolitan. Berdasarkan itu diusulkanlah konsep kekatolikan baru, yakni kekatolikan yang kosmopolitan dan tidak etnosentris; mengandung keutuhan iman yangmenampilkan kepenuhan kemanusiaan dan mempromosikan rekonsiliasi; serta mampu menciptakan masyarakat komunikasi yang mengelola kompleksitas dunia manusia secara lebih konstruktif

China\u27s Use of International Law In Border Disputes: The Cases of India and the Soviet Union

Despite American containment in the fifties and sixties, China was nevertheless a major actor on the international scene. The loci of China\u27s practice of international politics ranged from the Bandung Conference to its ideological foray into European politics following the Hungarian rebellion in 1956. Along with this activism in the international environment, China turned her attention in the late fifties to the question of gaining mutual agreements with her neighbors on the delineation and regulation of the boundaries. This concern brought about some marked changes in bilateral foreign policy, and required dealings of both an ideological as well as technical nature on a highly sensitive political matter, with limited success

Role of the F-BAR Protein Hof1 in the Regulation of Chitin Synthesis and Cytokinesis in Yeast

Remodeling of the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) at discrete cellular locations plays important roles in various cellular processes including angiogenesis and cytokinesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , membrane trafficking delivers enzymes essential for the synthesis of the cell-wall (yeast ECM) component chitin to the bud neck at different phases of the cell cycle. During early stages of budding, a Chs3-synthesized chitin ring is deposited at the base of the new bud that is required for bud-neck integrity and normal cell shape. During cytokinesis, actomyosin ring contraction is linked to the formation of a Chs2-synthesized chitinous disk to divide the mother and daughter cells called the primary septum. Chs3-synthesized chitin also plays an auxiliary rote to Chs2 during cytokinesis. Here, I show that the F-BAR protein Hof1 is involved in the endocytic removal of Chs3 from the bud neck alter chitin ring deposition and possibly later after cytokinesis. I also discuss work to show that Hof1 is involved in the localization and function of Inn1, a C2-domain containing protein essential for synthesis of the primary septum during cytokinesis

Designing One Nation

"This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations, thanks to a generous grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, as part of The Sustainable History Monograph Pilot.The histories of East and West Germany traditionally emphasize the Cold War rivalries between the communist and capitalist nations. Yet, even as the countries diverged in their political directions, they had to create new ways of working together economically. In Designing One Nation, Katrin Schreiter examines the material culture of increasing economic contacts in divided Germany from the 1940s until the 1990s. Trade events, such as fairs and product shows, became one of the few venues for sustained links and knowledge between the two countries after the building of the Berlin Wall. Schreiter uses industrial design, epitomized by the furniture industry, to show how a network of politicians, entrepreneurs, and cultural brokers attempted to nationally re-inscribe their production cultures, define a postwar German identity, and regain economic stability and political influence in postwar Europe. What started as a competition for ideological superiority between East and West Germany quickly turned into a shared, politically legitimizing quest for an untainted post-fascist modernity. This work follows products from the drawing board into the homes of ordinary Germans to offer insights into how converging visions of German industrial modernity created shared expectations about economic progress and living standards. Schreiter reveals how intra-German and European trade policies drove the creation of products and generated a certain convergence of East and West German taste by the 1980s. Drawing on a wide range of sources from governments, furniture firms, industrial design councils, home lifestyle magazines, and design exhibitions, Designing One Nation argues that an economic culture linked the two Germanies even before reunification in 1990.