Критерии формы поперечного сечения взрывной скважины

Предложены критерии оценки форм поперечного сечения скважины, полностью заполненной удлиненным зарядом взрывчатого вещества. Критерии рассмотрены с точки зрения эффективности взрывного воздействия на горную породу и могут быть использованы при создании и обосновании конструкций бурового инструмента. Анализ геометрических форм поперечных сечений взрывной полости в виде правильных фигур показал, что имеется взаимосвязь критериев, конкретное значение которых может быть определено для имеющихся конструкций бурового инструмента.Proposed criteria for the assessment of the bag of cross-section of the borehole is completely filled elongated explosive charge. Criteria considered from the point of view of the ability to influence the result of the explosive impact and can be used to create and justify the constructions of the drilling tool. The analysis of geometrical forms of cross sections of the explosive borehole in the form of correct figures have shown that there is a relationship of the considered criteria, however, a specific value can be determined for the existing designs of drilling tools

Розробка моделі аналогового модема SSB

Об’єкт розробки – однополосна амплітудна модуляція. Предмет розробки – аналоговий модем SSB. Мета кваліфікаційної роботи – побудова іммітаційної моделі цифрового модему з однополосною амплітудною модуляцією. Розробка полягає у створенні принципової схеми аналогового модему у середовищі Simulink зі змінними значеннями параметрів, які не повторюються для всіх елементів протягом всієї розробки. У першому розділі проаналізовано способи модуляції і демодуляції сигналу, амплітуда модуляції, фазова синхронізація в системах зв'язку. У спеціальній частині роботи запропонованоа схема аналогового модема SSB. В середовищі Simulink побудована програмна модель аналогового модему з однополосною модуляцією, і виконано його тестування. За наслідками досліджень зроблено висновки щодо рішення поставленої задачі. У економічному розділі виконані розрахунки трудомісткості та капітальних витрат на розробку аналогового модему SSB

Sensitivity of Bunker Cave to climatic forcings highlighted through multi-annual monitoring of rain-, soil-, and dripwaters

The last two decades have seen a considerable increase in studies using speleothems as archives of past climate variability. Caves under study are now monitored for a wide range of environmental parameters and results placed in context with speleothem data. The present study investigates trends from a seven year long monitoring of Bunker Cave, northwestern Germany, in order to assess the hydraulic response and transfer time of meteoric water from the surface to the cave. Rain-, soil-, and dripwater were collected from August 2006 to August 2013 at a monthly to bimonthly resolution and their oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition was measured. Furthermore, drip rates were quantified. Due to different drip characteristics, annual mean values were calculated for the drip rates of each drip site. Correlations of the annual mean drip rate of each site with precipitation and infiltration demonstrate that the annual infiltration, and thus the annual precipitation control the inter-annual drip-rate variability for all except one site. The hydraulic response is not delayed on an annual basis. All drip sites display identical long-term trends, which suggests a draining of a common karst reservoir over these seven years of monitoring. Correlations of soil- and dripwater monthly δ18O and δD values with atmospheric temperature data reveal water transfer times of 3 months to reach a depth of 40 cm (soilwater at site BW 2) and 4 months for 70 cm depth (soilwater at site BW 1). Finally, the water reaches the cave chambers (15 to 30 m below land surface) after ca. 2.5 years. Consequently, a temporal offset of 29 to 31 months (ca. 2.5 years) between the hydraulic response time (no time lag on annual basis) and the water transfer time (time lag of 29 to 31 months) was found, which is negligible with regard to Bunker Cave speleothems because of their slow growth rates. Here, proxies recording precipitation/infiltration and temperature are registered on a decadal scale. Variations in drip rate and thus precipitation and infiltration are recorded by δ13C and Mg/Ca ratios in speleothem calcite. Speleothem δ18O values reflect both temperature and precipitation signals due to drip rate-related fractionation processes. We document that long-term patterns in temperature and precipitation are recorded in dripwater patterns of Bunker Cave and that these are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)

Bunker Cave stalagmites: an archive for central European Holocene climate variability

Holocene climate was characterised by variability on multi-centennial to multi-decadal time scales. In central Europe, these fluctuations were most pronounced during winter. Here we present a record of past winter climate variability for the last 10.8 ka based on four speleothems from Bunker Cave, western Germany. Due to its central European location, the cave site is particularly well suited to record changes in precipitation and temperature in response to changes in the North Atlantic realm. We present high-resolution records of δ18O, δ13C values and Mg/Ca ratios. Changes in the Mg/Ca ratio are attributed to past meteoric precipitation variability. The stable C isotope composition of the speleothems most likely reflects changes in vegetation and precipitation, and variations in the δ18O signal are interpreted as variations in meteoric precipitation and temperature. We found cold and dry periods between 8 and 7 ka, 6.5 and 5.5 ka, 4 and 3 ka as well as between 0.7 and 0.2 ka. The proxy signals in the Bunker Cave stalagmites compare well with other isotope records and, thus, seem representative for central European Holocene climate variability. The prominent 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age cold events are both recorded in the Bunker Cave record. However, these events show a contrasting relationship between climate and δ18O, which is explained by different causes underlying the two climate anomalies. Whereas the Little Ice Age is attributed to a pronounced negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the 8.2 ka event was triggered by cooler conditions in the North Atlantic due to a slowdown of the thermohaline circulation

The Soil as a Bioreactor: Reaction-Diffusion Processes and Biofilms

Abstract: The fate of organic substances in soil strongly depends on biological processes. These biological processes are shaped by microorganisms, which occur in soil pores, either in suspension or as biofilms inside and outside soil aggregates. Biofilms alter the pore geometry while growing which directly influences the soil water flow field and hence the convective transport of organic substances. In this paper we present a model of the bioreactor soil at the pore scale under saturated conditions comprising coupled fluid flow, transport, reaction, sorption, and biofilm dynamics. The spatio-temporal development of the biofilm is altering properties such as viscosity, diffusion coefficient and degradation rates. The degradation potential of organic substances was analyzed by considering the influence of microbes on their breakthrough behavior. The model results underline that biological processes exert a major influence on the fate of organic substances in soil

Der außergerichtliche Einigungsversuch im Verbraucherinsolvenzverfahren: Inkasso-Unternehmen als Datenquelle für Verschuldungsuntersuchungen

"Die anhaltende Diskussion um ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Verbraucherentschuldung zeigt, dass empirische Untersuchungen zum Thema dringend notwendig sind. An entsprechendem Datenmaterial mangelt es bislang: Bundesweit werden lediglich Verfahrenszahlen erhoben; darüber hinaus liegen in einigen Bundesländern Statistiken zum außergerichtlichen Einigungsversuch vor. Detaillierte Studien über Antragsteller, Summen, Gläubiger und Regulierungsquoten existieren kaum; die wenigen vorhandenen Auswertungen weisen neben einer regionalen Beschränkung meist geringe Fallzahlen auf. Aus diesem Grund sind im Rahmen eines studentischen Forschungspraktikums in einem Inkasso-Unternehmen Informationen über Schuldner, Gläubiger und Vergleichsangebote aus knapp 1.000 außergerichtlichen Schuldenbereinigungsplänen sowie ergänzende Informationen aus eidesstattlichen Versicherungen erfasst und ausgewertet worden. Im Folgenden werden die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung präsentiert. Beantwortet werden Fragen wie: Welche Personen legen einen außergerichtlichen Schuldenbereinigungsplan vor? Wie hoch und bei welchen Gläubigern sind sie verschuldet? Welche Zahlungsvorschläge machen sie? Wie viele außergerichtliche Einigungsversuche sind erfolgreich und wodurch zeichnen sich diese aus? Und: Wie würden sich die derzeit diskutierten Reformvorschläge auf die Zahl der außergerichtlichen Einigungsversuche auswirken? Der Bericht gliedert sich in sieben Abschnitte: Nach einer Darstellung der privaten Überschuldung in Deutschland (2) sowie des Verbraucherinsolvenzverfahrens (3) wird auf den Datensatz eingegangen (4) und die Repräsentativität der Stichprobe eingeschätzt (5). Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse ausführlich vorgestellt und mit Studien zur Überschuldung sowie mit Daten zur Gesamtbevölkerung verglichen (6). Zum Schluss werden die Resultate zusammengefasst und vor dem Hintergrund der derzeitigen Reformdiskussion gewürdigt (7)." (Textauszug

Модернизация автоматизированной системы сепаратора первой ступени установки комплексной подготовки нефти

Описание конструкции, разработка автоматизированной системы (АС), подбор контроллерного оборудования, измерительных и исполнительных устройств. Спроектирована АС блока сепарации первой ступени установки комплексной подготовки нефти (УКПН).Description of the design, development of an automatic system, selection of controller equipment, measuring and actuating devices. Designed AS unit for separation of the first stage of the complex oil treatment unit (COTU)

On the origin and processes controlling the elemental and isotopic composition of carbonates in hypersaline Andean lakes

H.J. and J.W.B. Rae acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 805246).The Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Central Andes hosts numerous lakes, playa-lakes, and salars with a great diversity and abundance of carbonates forming under extreme climatic, hydrologic, and environmental conditions. To unravel the underlying processes controlling the formation of carbonates and their geochemical signatures in hypersaline systems, we investigated coupled brine-carbonate samples in a high-altitude Andean lake using a wide suite of petrographic (SEM, XRD) and geochemical tools (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C, δ11B, major and minor ion composition, aqueous modelling). Our findings show that the inflow of hydrothermal springs in combination with strong CO2 degassing and evaporation plays an important role in creating a spatial diversity of hydro-chemical sub-environments allowing different types of microbialites (microbial mounds and mats), travertines, and fine-grained calcite minerals to form. Carbonate precipitation occurs in hot springs triggered by a shift in carbonate equilibrium by hydrothermal CO2 degassing and microbially-driven elevation of local pH at crystallisation. In lakes, carbonate precipitation is induced by evaporative supersaturation, with contributions from CO2 degassing and microbiological processes. Lake carbonates largely record the evaporitic enrichment (hence salinity) of the parent water which can be traced by Na, Li, B, and δ18O, although other factors (such as e.g., high precipitation rates, mixing with thermal waters, groundwater, or precipitation) also affect their signatures. This study is of significance to those dealing with the fractionation of oxygen, carbon, and boron isotopes and partitioning of elements in natural brine-carbonate environments. Furthermore, these findings contribute to the advancement in proxy development for these depositional environments.Peer reviewe

Acupuncture in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy-Related Complaints: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes, which presents with a loss of sensorimotor function or pain. This study assessed the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture as a treatment for DPN-related complaints. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, patients with type II diabetes and symptoms of neuropathy in the lower limbs were included. A total of 12 acupuncture treatments were administered over 8 weeks. The waitlist control group received the same acupuncture treatment starting at week 16 (after baseline). Results: A total of 62 patients were randomized (acupuncture group n = 31; control group n = 31). The primary outcome was overall complaints, and it was reduced with a significant difference of 24.7 on a VAS (CI 95% 14.8;34.7, p < 0.001) between both groups in favor of acupuncture. Reductions were recorded for the secondary outcomes VAS pain, neuropathic pain symptom inventory (NPSI), emotional dimensions of pain, SF-12, and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain impact (DPNPI) after the intervention and at the follow-ups in the acupuncture group. Adverse reactions were minor and transient. Conclusions: Acupuncture leads to a significant and lasting reduction in DPN-related complaints when compared to routine care and is well tolerated, with minor side effects