¿Se pueden alcanzar los objetivos de la escuela de Frankfurt mediante la teoría del reconocimiento? Reflexiones a propósito de la controversia en el campo de la filosofía política de Nancy Fraser y Axel Honneth

De los estudios en ciencias sociales de mayor impacto se deduce que la política de mercantilización y desestructuración de las instituciones del Estado social practicada en los últimos treinta años, pri mero en Gran Bretaña, los Estados Unidos y Nueva Zelanda y después en el continente europeo, generará formas de empleo que, cada vez más, serían experimentadas por las personas como pro blemáticas o amenazantes (cf ., p. ej ., Bourdieu et al., 1997, Castel, 2000 y 2005, así como Sennet 1998 y 2005). Parecen responsables de este hecho, ante todo, las exigencias de movilidad que aumentan con la flexibilización de las estructuras de empleo, así como también un fuerte incremento de las ocupaciones inestables y mal pagadas (como, por ejemplo, los trabajos tempora les o a tiempo parcial). Según la apreciación de destacados sociólogos, aquellas estructuras de ocupación resultan problemáticas para muchas personas no únicamente en sentido material, sino también en sentido normativo: no sólo acarrean una situación de conflict o en el mantenimiento de la propia vida, sino que también dificultan la formación del autoaprecio y de la autoestima de una parte de la ciudadanía. A la vista de esta circunstancias , no resulta sorprendente que las cuesti ones del mundo del trabajo hayan sido discutidas ampliamente por personas que se dedican tanto a las ciencias sociales y a la ética de la economía, como también a la filosofía política o social. Para la Teoría Crítica en la tradición de la Escuela de Frankfurt , la discusión sobre los modernos mundos del trabajo resulta tradicionalmente un tema central. La peculiaridad de su planteamiento (interdis ciplinar) consiste , según la convicción de dos de sus más prominentes representantes, en : fusionar aquellos planos que provienen de la filosofía moral, de la teoría de la sociedad y del análisis político, en una teoría crítica del capitalismo (Fraser & Honnet h, 2003: 10). Lo que se plantea en esta perspectiva es un análisis y una crítica

Stromal control of oncogenic traits expressed in response to the overexpression of GLI2, a pleiotropic oncogene.

Hedgehog signaling is often activated in tumors, yet it remains unclear how GLI2, a transcription factor activated by this pathway, acts as an oncogene. We show that GLI2 is a pleiotropic oncogene. The overexpression induces genomic instability and blocks differentiation, likely mediated in part by enhanced expression of the stem cell gene SOX2. GLI2 also induces transforming growth factor (TGF)B1-dependent transdifferentiation of foreskin and tongue, but not gingival fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, creating an environment permissive for invasion by keratinocytes, which are in various stages of differentiation having downregulated GLI2. Thus, upregulated GLI2 expression is sufficient to induce a number of the acquired characteristics of tumor cells; however, the stroma, in a tissue-specific manner, determines whether certain GLI2 oncogenic traits are expressed

Recognition and property in Hegel and the early Marx

The article attempts to show, first, that for Hegel the role of property is to enable persons both to objectify their freedom and to properly express their recognition of each other as free, and second, that the Marx of 1844 uses fundamentally similar ideas in his exposition of communist society. For him the role of ‘true property’ is to enable individuals both to objectify their essential human powers and their individuality, and to express their recognition of each other as fellow human beings with needs, or their ‘human recognition’. Marx further uses these ideas to condemn the society of private property and market exchange as characterised by ‘estranged’ forms of property and recognition. He therefore uses a structure of ideas which Hegel had used to justify the institutions of private property and market exchange in order to condemn those same institutions. It is concluded that Marx’s adoption from Hegel of the idea that property as the means of self-objectification and of expressed recognition, leaves his vision of communism open to the charge that in it, just as in market society, the relations between human beings are mediated by things

Towards a structure-based exciton Hamiltonian for the CP29 antenna of photosystem II

The exciton Hamiltonian pertaining to the first excited states of chlorophyll (Chl) a and b pigments in the minor light-harvesting complex CP29 of plant photosystem II is determined based on the recent crystal structure at 2.8 Å resolution applying a combined quantum chemical/electrostatic approach as used earlier for the major light-harvesting complex LHCII. Two electrostatic methods for the calculation of the local transition energies (site energies), referred to as the Poisson–Boltzmann/quantum chemical (PBQC) and charge density coupling (CDC) method, which differ in the way the polarizable environment of the pigments is described, are compared and found to yield comparable results, when tested against fits of measured optical spectra (linear absorption, linear dichroism, circular dichroism, and fluorescence). The crystal structure shows a Chl a/b ratio of 2.25, whereas a ratio between 2.25 and 3.0 can be estimated from the simulation of experimental spectra. Thus, it is possible that up to one Chl b is lost in CP29 samples. The lowest site energy is found to be located at Chl a604 close to neoxanthin. This assignment is confirmed by the simulation of wild-type-minus-mutant difference spectra of reconstituted CP29, where a tyrosine residue next to Chl a604 is modified in the mutant. Nonetheless, the terminal emitter domain (TED), i.e. the pigments contributing mostly to the lowest exciton state, is found at the Chl a611–a612–a615 trimer due to strong excitonic coupling between these pigments, with the largest contributions from Chls a611 and a612. A major difference between CP29 and LHCII is that Chl a610 is not the energy sink in CP29, which is presumably to a large extent due to the replacement of a lysine residue with alanine close to the TED

Computational Protein Design: Validation and Possible Relevance as a Tool for Homology Searching and Fold Recognition

International audienceBACKGROUND: Protein fold recognition usually relies on a statistical model of each fold; each model is constructed from an ensemble of natural sequences belonging to that fold. A complementary strategy may be to employ sequence ensembles produced by computational protein design. Designed sequences can be more diverse than natural sequences, possibly avoiding some limitations of experimental databases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: WE EXPLORE THIS STRATEGY FOR FOUR SCOP FAMILIES: Small Kunitz-type inhibitors (SKIs), Interleukin-8 chemokines, PDZ domains, and large Caspase catalytic subunits, represented by 43 structures. An automated procedure is used to redesign the 43 proteins. We use the experimental backbones as fixed templates in the folded state and a molecular mechanics model to compute the interaction energies between sidechain and backbone groups. Calculations are done with the Proteins@Home volunteer computing platform. A heuristic algorithm is used to scan the sequence and conformational space, yielding 200,000-300,000 sequences per backbone template. The results confirm and generalize our earlier study of SH2 and SH3 domains. The designed sequences ressemble moderately-distant, natural homologues of the initial templates; e.g., the SUPERFAMILY, profile Hidden-Markov Model library recognizes 85% of the low-energy sequences as native-like. Conversely, Position Specific Scoring Matrices derived from the sequences can be used to detect natural homologues within the SwissProt database: 60% of known PDZ domains are detected and around 90% of known SKIs and chemokines. Energy components and inter-residue correlations are analyzed and ways to improve the method are discussed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: For some families, designed sequences can be a useful complement to experimental ones for homologue searching. However, improved tools are needed to extract more information from the designed profiles before the method can be of general use

Energy Dependence of the Delta Resonance: Chiral Dynamics in Action

There is an important connection between the low energy theorems of QCD and the energy dependence of the Delta resonance in pi-N scattering, as well as the closely related gamma^{*} N -> pi N reaction. The resonance shape is due not only to the strong pi-N interaction in the p wave but the small interaction in the s wave; the latter is due to spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in QCD (i.e. the Nambu-Goldstone nature of the pion). A brief overview of experimental tests of chiral perturbation theory and chiral based models is presentedComment: 11 pages, 6 figures, Festschrift for S.N. yan

Frequency-dependent mobilization of heterogeneous pools of synaptic vesicles shapes presynaptic plasticity

The segregation of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles (RRP) in sub-pools that are differentially poised for exocytosis shapes short-term plasticity. However, the frequency-dependent mobilization of these sub-pools is poorly understood. Using slice recordings and modeling of synaptic activity at cerebellar granule cell to Purkinje cell synapses of mice, we describe two sub-pools in the RRP that can be differentially recruited upon ultrafast changes in the stimulation frequency. We show that at low frequency stimulations, a first sub-pool is gradually silenced, leading to full blockage of synaptic transmission. Conversely, a second pool of synaptic vesicles that cannot be released by a single stimulus is recruited within milliseconds by high-frequency stimulation and support an ultrafast recovery of neurotransmitter release after low-frequency depression. This frequency-dependent mobilization or silencing of sub-pools in the RRP in terminals of granule cells may play a role in the filtering of sensorimotor information in the cerebellum

Flatrate-Partys

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.Regelungen zur Bekämpfung des Alkoholmissbrauchs im Jugendschutz- und Gaststättengesetz – Gesetzgebungs-kompetenzen nach der Föderalismusreform im Bereich der Gaststätten – Übergangsregelung des Art. 125 a Abs. 1 GG –Berufsfreiheit des Art. 12 Abs. 1 GPeer Reviewe