8,362 research outputs found
Real-time determination of laser beam quality by modal decomposition
We present a real-time method to determine the beam propagation ratio M2 of
laser beams. The all-optical measurement of modal amplitudes yields M2
parameters conform to the ISO standard method. The experimental technique is
simple and fast, which allows to investigate laser beams under conditions
inaccessible to other methods.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, published in Optics Expres
Lift-up, Kelvin-Helmholtz and Orr mechanisms in turbulent jets
Three amplification mechanisms present in turbulent jets, namely lift-up, KelvinâHelmholtz and Orr, are characterized via global resolvent analysis and spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) over a range of Mach numbers. The lift-up mechanism was recently identified in turbulent jets via local analysis by Nogueira et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 873, 2019, pp. 211â237) at low Strouhal number ( St ) and non-zero azimuthal wavenumbers ( m ). In these limits, a global SPOD analysis of data from high-fidelity simulations reveals streamwise vortices and streaks similar to those found in turbulent wall-bounded flows. These structures are in qualitative agreement with the global resolvent analysis, which shows that they are a response to upstream forcing of streamwise vorticity near the nozzle exit. Analysis of mode shapes, component-wise amplitudes and sensitivity analysis distinguishes the three mechanisms and the regions of frequencyâwavenumber space where each dominates, finding lift-up to be dominant as St/mâ0 . Finally, SPOD and resolvent analyses of localized regions show that the lift-up mechanism is present throughout the jet, with a dominant azimuthal wavenumber inversely proportional to streamwise distance from the nozzle, with streaks of azimuthal wavenumber exceeding five near the nozzle, and wavenumbers one and two most energetic far downstream of the potential core
Ba2AlSi5N9
Ba2AlSi5N9 was synthesized starting from Si3N4, AlN, and Ba in a radio-frequency furnace at temperatures of about 1725°C. The new nitridoalumosilicate crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 (no. 1), a=9.860(1) Ă
, b=10.320(1) Ă
, c=10.346(1) Ă
, α=90.37(2)°, ÎČ=118.43(2)°; Îł=103.69(2)°, Z=4, R1=0.0314. All synthesized crystals were characteristically twinned by reticular pseudomerohedry with twin law (1 0 0, â0.5 â1 0, â1 0 â1). The crystal structure of Ba2AlSi5N9 was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of a twinned crystal and confirmed by Rietveld refinement both on X-ray and on neutron powder diffraction data. Statistical distribution Si/Al is corroborated by lattice energy calculations (MAPLE). 29Si and 27Al solid-state NMR are in accordance with the crystallographic results. Ba2AlSi5N9 represents a new type of network structure made up of TN4 tetrahedra (T = Si, Al). Highly condensed layers of dreier rings with nitrogen connecting three neighboring tetrahedral centers occur which are further crosslinked by dreier rings and vierer rings. The dreier rings consist of corner-sharing tetrahedra, whereas some of the vierer rings exhibit two pairs of edge-sharing tetrahedra. In the resulting voids of the network there are eight different Ba2+ sites with coordination numbers between 6 and 10. Thermogravimetric investigations confirmed a thermal stability of Ba2AlSi5N9 up to about 1515°C (He atmosphere). Luminescence measurements on Ba2AlSi5N9:Eu2+ (2 mol % Eu2+) with an excitation wavelength of 450 nm revealed a broadband emission peaking at 584 nm (FWHM=100 nm) originating from dipole-allowed 4f6(7F)5d1 â 4f7(8S7/2) transitions
Out-of-surface vortices in spherical shells
The interplay of topological defects with curvature is studied for
out-of-surface magnetic vortices in thin spherical nanoshells. In the case of
easy-surface Heisenberg magnet it is shown that the curvature of the underlying
surface leads to a coupling between the localized out-of-surface component of
the vortex with its delocalized in-surface structure, i.e. polarity-chirality
coupling.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Gross karyotypic and phenotypic alterations among different progenies of the candida glabrata cbs138/atcc2001 reference strain
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Gallus GBrowse: a unified genomic database for the chicken
Gallus GBrowse (http://birdbase.net/cgi-bin/gbrowse/gallus/) provides online access to genomic and other information about the chicken, Gallus gallus. The information provided by this resource includes predicted genes and Gene Ontology (GO) terms, links to Gallus In Situ Hybridization Analysis (GEISHA), Unigene and Reactome, the genomic positions of chicken genetic markers, SNPs and microarray probes, and mappings from turkey, condor and zebra finch DNA and EST sequences to the chicken genome. We also provide a BLAT server (http://birdbase.net/cgi-bin/webBlat) for matching user-provided sequences to the chicken genome. These tools make the Gallus GBrowse server a valuable resource for researchers seeking genomic information regarding the chicken and other avian species
Spectral analysis of jet turbulence
Informed by large-eddy simulation (LES) data and resolvent analysis of the mean flow, we examine the structure of turbulence in jets in the subsonic, transonic and supersonic regimes. Spectral (frequency-space) proper orthogonal decomposition is used to extract energy spectra and decompose the flow into energy-ranked coherent structures. The educed structures are generally well predicted by the resolvent analysis. Over a range of low frequencies and the first few azimuthal mode numbers, these jets exhibit a low-rank response characterized by KelvinâHelmholtz (KH) type wavepackets associated with the annular shear layer up to the end of the potential core and that are excited by forcing in the very-near-nozzle shear layer. These modes too have been experimentally observed before and predicted by quasi-parallel stability theory and other approximations â they comprise a considerable portion of the total turbulent energy. At still lower frequencies, particularly for the axisymmetric mode, and again at high frequencies for all azimuthal wavenumbers, the response is not low-rank, but consists of a family of similarly amplified modes. These modes, which are primarily active downstream of the potential core, are associated with the Orr mechanism. They occur also as subdominant modes in the range of frequencies dominated by the KH response. Our global analysis helps tie together previous observations based on local spatial stability theory, and explains why quasi-parallel predictions were successful at some frequencies and azimuthal wavenumbers, but failed at others
Forecasts for detecting the gravitational-wave memory effect with Advanced LIGO and Virgo
The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from binary black holes (BBHs) has
allowed the theory of general relativity to be tested in a previously unstudied
regime: that of strong curvature and high GW luminosities. One distinctive and
measurable effect associated with this aspect of the theory is the nonlinear GW
memory effect. The GW memory effect is characterized by its effect on freely
falling observers: the proper distance between their locations differs before
and after a burst of GWs passes by their locations. Gravitational-wave
interferometers, like the LIGO and Virgo detectors, can measure features of
this effect from a single BBH merger, but previous work has shown that it will
require an event that is significantly more massive and closer than any
previously detected GW event. Finding evidence for the GW memory effect within
the entire population of BBH mergers detected by LIGO and Virgo is more likely
to occur sooner. A prior study has shown that the GW memory effect could be
detected in a population of BBHs consisting of binaries like the first GW150914
event after roughly one-hundred events. In this paper, we compute forecasts of
the time it will take the advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors (when the detectors
are operating at their design sensitivities) to find evidence for the GW memory
effect in a population of BBHs that is consistent with the measured population
of events in the first two observing runs of the LIGO detectors. We find that
after five years of data collected by the advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors the
signal-to-noise ratio for the nonlinear GW memory effect in the population will
be about three (near a previously used threshold for detection). We point out
that the different approximation methods used to compute the GW memory effect
can lead to notably different signal-to-noise ratios.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure
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