306 research outputs found
A short history of Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) in the Roman provinces: morphotypes and archaeogenetics
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (bottle gourd) is pantropic and displays large variation in fruit and seed shape. Two subspecies are currently recognized: the African L. siceraria ssp. siceraria and the Asian L. siceraria ssp. asiatica. The Asian type of bottle gourd belongs to the earliest domesticated plants in the Americas. In Europe, bottle gourd only appears with some frequency from the Roman period onwards. The paper is the study of ancient DNA (aDNA) and seed morphology of one almost complete bottle gourd fruit from the Roman site of Oedenburg/Biesheim-Kunheim, France (1st century a.d.), and from individual seed finds from the Roman vicus of Petinesca-Vorderberg, Switzerland (3rd century a.d.), both recovered from waterlogged layers. Width and length measurements of seeds show large variation. Based on the index of width to length, seeds from both sites differ significantly (p<0.0001 Mann-Whitney) suggesting that there were different variants present north of the Alps. Genetically, the bottle gourd fruit from Roman Oedenburg/Biesheim-Kunheim and one commercial cultivar L. siceraria cv. ‘Herkuleskeule' are of Asian origin as identified by three Asian and African specific chloroplast markers. These results support an early and long-lasting presence of the Asian type of domestic bottle gourd in Europe. No chloroplast markers were found in the seeds from Petinesca-Vorderberg. However preserved nuclear high copy 5.8S rDNA fragments correctly matched to Cucurbitaceae, further supporting the evidence for preservation of DNA in waterlogged plant remain
Matrilines in Neolithic cattle from Orkney, Scotland reveals complex husbandry patterns of ancestry
mtDNA, isotopic and archaeozoological analyses of cattle teeth and bones from the Late Neolithic site of Links of Noltland, Orkney, Scotland revealed these animals followed similar grazing regimes but displayed diverse genetic origins and included one cattle skull that carried an aurochs (wild cattle) genetic haplotype. Morphometric analyses indicate the presence of some cattle larger than published dimensions of Neolithic domestic cattle. Several explanations for these finding are possible but may be the evidence of a complex pattern of domestic cattle introductions into Neolithic Orkney and interbreeding between domestic and wild cattle
About the origin of European spelt ( Triticum spelta L.): allelic differentiation of the HMW Glutenin B1-1 and A1-2 subunit genes
To investigate the origin of European spelt (Triticum spelta L., genome AABBDD) and its relation to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD), we analysed an approximately 1-kb sequence, including a part of the promoter and the coding region, of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin B1-1 and A1-2 subunit genes in 58 accessions of hexa- and tetraploid wheat from different geographical regions. Six Glu-B1-1 and five Glu-A1-2 alleles were identified based on 21 and 19 informative sites, respectively, which suggests a polyphyletic origin of the A- and B-genomes of hexaploid wheat. In both genes, a group of alleles clustered in a distinct, so-called beta subclade. High frequencies of alleles from the Glu-B1-1 and Glu-A1-2 beta subclades differentiated European spelt from Asian spelt and bread wheat. This indicates different origins of European and Asian spelt, and that European spelt does not derive from the hulled progenitors of bread wheat. The conjoint differentiation of alleles of the A- and B-genome in European spelt suggests the introgression of a tetraploid wheat into free-threshing hexaploid wheat as the origin of European spel
Ancient plant DNA in archaeobotany
Plant diaspores, tissues and wood are preserved in natural and anthropogenic sediments. Also, over the past centuries, plants have been collected in herbaria. These plant remains carry macroscopic and molecular information, making them a rich source for reconstructing past plant use, agriculture, diet or vegetation—they are thus proxies for past economies, ecology, migrations or trade. This article focuses on the application of ancient DNA analyses from plants excavated at Holocene archaeological sites. A short methodological section is added to illustrate possibilities and limitations of ancient DNA research in plant
Cadre géologique et environnemental
Pfyngut: Geologischer Rahmen und natürliches Umfeld Dieses Kapitel ist der Geologie der Region gewidmet, unter besonderer Beachtung der Schichtabfolge von Pfyngut. Die Fundstelle befindet sich im alpinen Raum, am Oberlauf der Rhone, zwischen Siders und Leuk. Sie liegt auf einem Schuttkegel, der sich am Fusse des Illgrabens gebildet hat, einer tief in die penninischen Decken eingeschnittenen Schlucht mit carbonatreichen Gesteinen und Quarziten. Die untersuchten Schichtabfolgen liegen auf der linken Seite des Rhonetals, rund 20 m über der Überschwemmungsebene, und bestehen hauptsächlich aus Wildbachablagerungen und durch Oberflächenwasser verlagerten Feinsedimenten, zwischen denen sich fossile Böden erhalten haben. Diese Ablagerungen erreichen eine Gesamtmächtigkeit von maximal 2,50 m und liegen über den pedogen verwitterten Schottern (cambisol) des Illgrabenfächers. Die Sequenz beginnt an der Basis mit einer Abfolge fossiler Böden. Mikromorphologische Untersuchungen, in Kombination mit den Ergebnissen der Pollenanalysen und Makrorestuntersuchungen belegen, dass der menschliche Einfluss ab der frühen Eisenzeit das lokale Landschaftsbild zu verändern begann : nach einer Rodungsphase, setzte Erosion ein, auf die ackerbauliche Nutzung folgt. Pollen von Weizen und Ruderalplanzen sprechen für eine ausgedehnte Bewirtschaftung der Gegend ab der späten Eisenzeit. Ein weiterer starker menschlicher Eingriff stellt der Bau einer grossen Fernverkehrsstrasse in frührömischer Zeit dar. Sie wird mehfach aufwändig erneuert und nach Aufgabe von feinkörnigen Überflutungssedimenten überdeckt. An deren Oberfläche bildet sich wiederum ein humöser Oberboden, der Pflugspuren eines ausgedehnten Ackerbaus aufweist und ins Mittelalter datiert. Nach dem 12. Jh. wird die gesamte Westflanke des Kegels wiederholt von Bachgeschiebe und Murgangsedimenten überdeckt, was auf eine Destabilisierung der Berghangs hinweist. Der oberste Bereich der Schichtabfolge besteht hauptsächlich aus feinen Ablagerungen, wie sie bei der Bewässerung der Wiesen mittels Suonen entstehen. Darüber folgt der Humushorizont der heutigen Bodenoberfläche. Die Untersuchung der Pflanzenreste erbrachte ausschliesslich den Nachweis von Wildpflanzen, die wohl alle aus der nahen Umgebung stammen. Sie zeigt zudem, dass die Waldföhre bereits in der Eisenzeit die dominante Baumart im Gebiete des Pfynwalds war. Die Landschaft war relativ offen und besass Wiesen- und Weideflächen. Das Fehlen von Kulturpflanzen, wie auch von typischen Ackerunkräutern lässt den Schluss zu, dass in dieser frühen Zeit kaum Ackerstandorte in unmittelbarer Nähe des Fundorts lagen, und mit den untersuchten Proben auch keine Siedlungsbereiche erfasst worden sind, wo Nahrungsmittel gelagert oder verarbeitet wurden
Burial condition is the most important factor for mtDNA PCR amplification success in Palaeolithic equid remains from the Alpine foreland
Faunal remains from Palaeolithic sites are important genetic sources to study preglacial and postglacial populations and to investigate the effect of climate change and human impact. Post mortem decay, resulting in fragmented and chemically modified DNA, is a key obstacle in ancient DNA analyses. In the absence of reliable methods to determine the presence of endogenous DNA in sub-fossil samples, temporal and spatial surveys of DNA survival on a regional scale may help to estimate the potential of faunal remains from a given time period and region. We therefore investigated PCR amplification success, PCR performance and post mortem damage in c. 47,000 to c. 12,000-year-old horse remains from 14 Palaeolithic sites along the Swiss Jura Mountains in relation to depositional context, tissue type, storage time and age, potentially influencing DNA preservation. The targeted 75 base pair mitochondrial DNA fragment could be amplified solely from equid remains from caves and not from any of the open dry and (temporary) wetland sites. Whether teeth are better than bones cannot be ultimately decided; however, both storage time after excavation and age significantly affect PCR amplification and performance, albeit not in a linear way. This is best explained by the—inevitable—heterogeneity of the data set. The extent of post mortem damage is not related to any of the potential impact factors. The results encourage comprehensive investigations of Palaeolithic cave sites, even from temperate regions
Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses
White coat color has been a highly valued trait in horses for at least 2,000 years. Dominant white (W) is one of several known depigmentation phenotypes in horses. It shows considerable phenotypic variation, ranging from ∼50% depigmented areas up to a completely white coat. In the horse, the four depigmentation phenotypes roan, sabino, tobiano, and dominant white were independently mapped to a chromosomal region on ECA 3 harboring the KIT gene. KIT plays an important role in melanoblast survival during embryonic development. We determined the sequence and genomic organization of the ∼82 kb equine KIT gene. A mutation analysis of all 21 KIT exons in white Franches-Montagnes Horses revealed a nonsense mutation in exon 15 (c.2151C>G, p.Y717X). We analyzed the KIT exons in horses characterized as dominant white from other populations and found three additional candidate causative mutations. Three almost completely white Arabians carried a different nonsense mutation in exon 4 (c.706A>T, p.K236X). Six Camarillo White Horses had a missense mutation in exon 12 (c.1805C>T, p.A602V), and five white Thoroughbreds had yet another missense mutation in exon 13 (c.1960G>A, p.G654R). Our results indicate that the dominant white color in Franches-Montagnes Horses is caused by a nonsense mutation in the KIT gene and that multiple independent mutations within this gene appear to be responsible for dominant white in several other modern horse populations
Mitochondrial d-loop variation, coat colour and sex identification of Late Iron Age horses in Switzerland
In the Celtic world, horses enjoyed a prominent position as status symbols and objects of veneration, yet little is known about these Celtic horses except that they were rather small. The Late Iron Age was a time defined by increasing inter-cultural contact between Celtic peoples and the Romans. This is, amongst other features, observable in the phenotypes of domestic livestock such as horses. Amongst the usually small animals, larger ones are rarely but regularly encountered in the archaeological record. We have investigated mitochondrial (mt) DNA d-loop diversity, sex and coat colour using bones from 34 horses of different size from three Swiss sites (Mormont, Basel-Gasfabrik, Aventicum) most of them dating from 150 to 50 BCE. The aim was to characterise the diversity of matrilineages and coat colourations of Iron Age horses, and to identify molecular sex. We detected eleven mt haplotypes clustering into six haplogroups (B, D, F, I, X2, X3) in the ancient dataset (n = 19). Large individuals were all male, but smaller stallions were also identified; molecular sexing confirmed and augmented to morphological results. The horses were bay, chestnut and black in colour, and spottings or dilutions were absent in all animals. With a simplified primer system to detect premature greying, white coats can be excluded as well. The limited colour range proposes selection for monochrome animals. Additionally, ancient matrilineages were compared to modern horses from regions appertaining to the Late Roman Republic and to European pony breeds. Based on Principal Component Analysis (haplotype frequencies) and FST-values (genetic distances) the mtDNA variation of the Iron Age horses investigated here has survived in modern European breeds, particularly in northern European ponies
Typing Late Prehistoric Cows and Bulls—Osteology and Genetics of Cattle at the Eketorp Ringfort on the Öland Island in Sweden
Human management of livestock and the presence of different breeds have been discussed in archaeozoology and animal breeding. Traditionally osteometrics has been the main tool in addressing these questions. We combine osteometrics with molecular sex identifications of 104 of 340 morphometrically analysed bones in order to investigate the use of cattle at the Eketorp ringfort on the Öland island in Sweden. The fort is dated to 300–1220/50 A.D., revealing three different building phases. In order to investigate specific patterns and shifts through time in the use of cattle the genetic data is evaluated in relation to osteometric patterns and occurrence of pathologies on cattle metapodia. Males were genotyped for a Y-chromosomal SNP in UTY19 that separates the two major haplogroups, Y1 and Y2, in taurine cattle. A subset of the samples were also genotyped for one SNP involved in coat coloration (MC1R), one SNP putatively involved in resistance to cattle plague (TLR4), and one SNP in intron 5 of the IGF-1 gene that has been associated to size and reproduction
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