Definition diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain

A Dor Neuropática é definida como dor causada por lesão ou disfunção do sistema nervoso, como resultado da ativação anormal da via nociceptiva (fibras de pequeno calibre e trato espinotalâmico). As principais causas desta síndrome são: diabetes melito, neuralgia pós-herpética, neuralgia trigeminal, dor regional complexa, acidente vascular encefálico, esclerose múltipla, lesão medular, entre outros. Nos últimos anos, a Dor Neuropática vem recebendo especial atenção por dois motivos principais: 1) refratariedade terapêutica de várias síndromes dolorosas com componentes neuropáticos predominantes e 2) desenvolvimento de ferramentas diagnósticas para o reconhecimento deste tipo de dor. O presente artigo de revisão fornece informações relevantes para o entendimento e reconhecimento da Dor Neuropática, bem como quanto à abordagem terapêutica baseada em evidências.Neuropathic Pain is defined as pain caused by lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system, as a result of abnormal activation of the nociceptive pathway (small fibers and spinothalamic tracts). The most common causes of this syndrome are the following: diabetes, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, among others. In the last few years, the Neuropathic Pain, has been receiving special attention for two main reasons: 1) therapeutical refractoriness of a variety of pain syndromes with predominant neuropathic characteristics and 2) the development of diagnostic tools for Neuropathic Pain complaints. The present paper provides relevant information on the understanding and recognition of Neuropathic Pain, as well as therapeutic evidence-based-medicine approaches

Definição, Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Dor Neuropática

Neuropathic Pain is defined as pain caused by lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system, as a result of abnormal activation of the nociceptive pathway (small fibers and spinothalamic tracts). The most common causes of this syndrome are the following: diabetes, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, among others. In the last few years, the Neuropathic Pain, has been receiving special attention for two main reasons: 1) therapeutical refractoriness of a variety of pain syndromes with predominant neuropathic characteristics and 2) the development of diagnostic tools for Neuropathic Pain complaints. The present paper provides relevant information on the understanding and recognition of Neuropathic Pain, as well as therapeutic evidence-based-medicine approaches.A Dor Neuropática é definida como dor causada por lesão ou disfunção do sistema nervoso, como resultado da ativação anormal da via nociceptiva (fibras de pequeno calibre e trato espinotalâmico). As principais causas desta síndrome são: diabetes melito, neuralgia pós-herpética, neuralgia trigeminal, dor regional complexa, acidente vascular encefálico, esclerose múltipla, lesão medular, entre outros. Nos últimos anos, a Dor Neuropática vem recebendo especial atenção por dois motivos principais: 1) refratariedade terapêutica de várias síndromes dolorosas com componentes neuropáticos predominantes e 2) desenvolvimento de ferramentas diagnósticas para o reconhecimento deste tipo de dor. O presente artigo de revisão fornece informações relevantes para o entendimento e reconhecimento da Dor Neuropática, bem como quanto à abordagem terapêutica baseada em evidências

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques

Psicoterapia das depressões

The present status of psychotherapeutic treatment for depression is examined, especially the impact of the four types of psychotherapy that have been best testedempirically in the past 10 years: interpersonal therapy, cognitive and behavioral therapies, and brief psychodynamic therapy. Both the main efficacy studies of those therapies as well as a meta-analytic review of their results are described. The conclusion is that there is strong evidence of favorable outcome when ambulatorial unipolar depression is treated by psychosocial interventions, in isolation or in combination with pharmacotherapy.Os autores examinam o status atual das psicoterapias no tratamento das depressões, principalmente das quatro formas melhor testadas empiricamente nos últimos 10 anos: psicoterapia interpessoal, psicoterapia cognitiva e comportamental, e psicoterapia psicodinâmica breve. Descrevem-se os principais estudos de eficácia destaspsicoterapias assim como uma revisão meta-analítica dos mesmos. Conclui-se que já há sólidas evidências de bons resultados nas depressões ambulatoriais e unipolares quando tratadas por intervenções psicossociais, combinadas ou não com farmacoterapia

Translation of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 : Brazilian version

Objective: This study translated the Portuguese version of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQoL-54) questionnaire. Methods: The original version of 18 items from the MSQoL-54 was translated into Brazilian Portuguese using international guidelines. Two independent translations were completed by Brazilians fluent in English and the results were evaluated and harmonized, concluding version: 1. This version was back-translated by an American living in Brazil and then another analysis was conducted, resulting in version 2. Concluding the translation and harmonization phase, the final version was pre-tested with ten participants from the Reference Centre for Multiple Sclerosis at the Porto Alegre Clinical Hospital in Rio Grande do Sul (RS)-Brazil. Results: The questionnaire was well accepted by the patient’s sample that tested the 18 specific items. They presented no conceptual problems. Conclusion: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) felt the questionnaire was easy to understand. We thus attained terms of conceptual equivalence between the original questionnaire and the translation

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation associated with hypocaloric diet on weight loss and metabolic profile in overweight or obesity : study protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: Dietary interventions have limited success in promoting sustainable weight loss; new treatments allowing better compliance with hypocaloric diets should be developed. The aim of this trial is to describe the effects of a protocol combining repetitive active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with a hypocaloric diet on weight loss and food consumption in overweight or obese adults. Methods/design: Overweight or obese adults between 20 and 50 years of age with stable weight over the last 4 months will be selected for a 4-week randomized clinical trial of fixed-dose tDCS (20 sessions; 5 consecutive weekdays/wk, 2 mA, 20 minutes) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with a weight loss diet. The subjects will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio and stratified by sex to active tDCS + diet or sham tDCS + diet. The study will be conducted at the Endocrine and Metabolism Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. The primary outcome is weight loss. Energy and macronutrient consumption, as well as adherence to the diet, will be assessed using 3-day weighed dietary records. Changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin will be assessed, and participants will complete self-report questionnaires to assess changes in mood and food behavior. All analyses will be done on a per-protocol and intention-to-treat basis. Discussion: This study explores the potential role of tDCS as an adjunctive treatment with a hypocaloric diet for obesity management

O sintoma insônia

É feita uma revisão da literatura sobre o sintoma insônia, mostrando como a queixa se apresenta, as definições dos tipos de problemas do sono, os fatores causais relacionados, a avaliação clínica dos pacientes e os achados do laboratório do sono. 0 autor sugere a avaliação completa do paciente e sua queixa de forma específica, para evitar o manuseio incorreto do problema.Insomnia as a symptom is reviewed, including its clinicai presentation, the most common causes, the types of sleep disturbances, the clinicai assessment of insomnia patient and sleep laboratory findings associated with the symptom. It is suggested a complete and especific evaluation of the patient and his complaint in order to avoid incorrect approaches and management of the problem