Potential risk of regional disease spread in west Africa through cross-border cattle trade

Transboundary animal movements facilitate the spread of pathogens across large distances. Cross-border cattle trade is of economic and cultural importance in West Africa. This study explores the potential disease risk resulting from large-scale, cross-border cattle trade between Togo, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria for the first time.; A questionnaire-based survey of livestock movements of 226 cattle traders was conducted in the 9 biggest cattle markets of northern Togo in February-March 2012. More than half of the traders (53.5%) operated in at least one other country. Animal flows were stochastically simulated based on reported movements and the risk of regional disease spread assessed. More than three quarters (79.2%, range: 78.1-80.0%) of cattle flowing into the market system originated from other countries. Through the cattle market system of northern Togo, non-neighbouring countries were connected via potential routes for disease spread. Even for diseases with low transmissibility and low prevalence in a given country, there was a high risk of disease introduction into other countries.; By stochastically simulating data collected by interviewing cattle traders in northern Togo, this study identifies potential risks for regional disease spread in West Africa through cross-border cattle trade. The findings highlight that surveillance for emerging infectious diseases as well as control activities targeting endemic diseases in West Africa are likely to be ineffective if only conducted at a national level. A regional approach to disease surveillance, prevention and control is essential

Chapitre 10 - Conception d’études One Health

Qu’est-ce qu’une étude One Health ? Les études épidémiologiques sur la santé humaine et animale utilisent des enquêtes sur le terrain ou des analyses de données secondaires. La collecte et l’interprétation des données se font traditionnellement dans les secteurs de la santé animale et humaine et à des périodes différentes, mais aussi lorsque le même sujet de santé est abordé, ce qui entraîne une duplication inutile des études su..

Chapitre 30 - Recherche transdisciplinaire et One Health

Introduction One Health soulève des questions qui vont au-delà de la vision étroite des améliorations sanitaires reposant sur des interventions médicales : ses activités doivent être comprises dans un contexte de changements socio-écologiques à l’échelle locale et mondiale, où les résultats sont moins certains (Zinsstag et al., 2011b). Nous avons besoin d’un éventail de disciplines pour comprendre le contexte de la santé (Allote..

One Health: the added value of integrated health approaches

The One Health concept of combined veterinary and human health continues to gain momentum, but the supporting literature is sparse. In this book, the origins of the concept are examined and practical content on methodological tools, data gathering, monitoring techniques, study designs, and mathematical models is included. Zoonotic diseases, with discussions of diseases of wildlife, farm animals, domestic pets and humans, and real-world issues such as sanitation, economics, food security and evaluating the success of vaccination programmes are covered in detail. Discussing how to put policy into practice, and with case studies throughout, this book combines research and practice in one broad-ranging volume

Human and Animal Vaccination Delivery to Remote Nomadic Families, Chad

Vaccinating nomadic pastoralists and their livestock at the same time reduces delivery costs

Chapitre 5 - Mesurer la valeur ajoutée à partir des méthodes intégrées

Introduction Dans le chapitre 2, nous avons proposé une définition pratique de One Health comme valeur ajoutée en termes de santé humaine et animale, d’économies financières ou de services environnementaux, ce qui est possible en faisant coopérer les médecines humaine et vétérinaire comme deux médecines fonctionnant de façon unique (chap. 2). La coopération entre les différentes disciplines devrait conduire à une valeur ajoutée ..

Representative Seroprevalences of Brucellosis in Humans and Livestock in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan reported 77.5 new human brucellosis cases per 100,000 people in 2007, which is one of the highest incidences worldwide. In Kyrgyzstan, the currently used diagnostic tests in humans and animals are the Rose Bengal Test and the Huddleson test. A national representative cross-sectional study using cluster sampling proportional to size in humans, cattle, sheep, and goats was undertaken to assess the apparent seroprevalence in humans and animals. A total of 4,936 livestock sera and 1,774 human sera were tested in Naryn, Chuy, and Osh Oblasts. The overall apparent seroprevalences of brucellosis were 8.8% in humans (95% CI 4.5-16.5), 2.8% (95% CI 1.6-4.9%) in cattle, 3.3% (95% CI 1.5-6.9%) in sheep, and 2.5% (95% CI 1.4-4.5%) in goats. Naryn Oblast had the highest seroprevalences in humans and sheep. More men than women were seropositive (OR=1.96; P<0.001). Human seroprevalence was significantly associated with small ruminant seroprevalence but not with cattle seroprevalence. Annual incidence of human brucellosis exposure, measured by serological tests, was more than ten times higher than the annual incidence of reported clinical brucellosis cases. This indicates an under-reporting of human brucellosis cases, even if only a fraction of seropositive people have clinical symptoms. In conclusion, this study confirms the high seroprevalence of brucellosis in Kyrgyzstan and warrants rapid effective intervention, among others, by mass vaccination of sheep and goats but also of cattl

Chapitre 20 - Services intégrés One Health

Les services de santé dans les zones reculées et rurales Ce chapitre décrit la valeur ajoutée de One Health utilisant des synergies dans la fourniture de services de santé qui étaient perçus comme étant déconnectés. Les approches One Health et éco-santé cherchent toutes deux à élargir la compréhension de la santé au-delà du domaine biomédical (Zinsstag, 2012) ; c’est pourquoi elles incluent également les systèmes de prestations ..

Nutritional status and intestinal parasites among young children from pastoralist communities of the Ethiopian Somali region

Pastoralist children in the Ethiopian Somali Regional State (ESRS) are at high risk for undernutrition and intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs). We assessed the nutritional status and its association with IPIs in 500 children <5 years of age in a clustered cross-sectional study in Adadle district, ESRS. Stool samples were microscopically examined for IPIs and biomarkers for iron and vitamin A status, anthropometry, and food variety score (FVS) were assessed. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) FVS was 2.0 (2.0, 4.0), and 35% of children were exclusively breastfed up to age 6 months. Prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) <12.5 cm was 30, 34, 40, and 16%, respectively. Median (IQR) haemoglobin, ferritin, and retinol-binding protein concentrations were 9.5 g dL; -1; (8.2, 10.9), 6.2 μg L; -1; (4.0, 10.2), and 0.8 μmol L; -1; (0.67, 0.91), respectively. Prevalence of anaemia, iron, and vitamin A deficiency was 75, 91, and 30%, respectively. IPIs' prevalence was 47%; the most prevalent IPIs were Giardia lamblia (22%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (15%). Giardial infections but not A. lumbricoides increased the risk for MUAC 2 or with exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months, respectively. Undernutrition and IPIs are alarmingly high in <5 years of age children in ESRS. Giardial infections and low nutritional adequacy of the diet seem to be major contributing factors to the precarious nutritional status and should be addressed by appropriate interventions

Seroprevalences and local variation of human and livestock brucellosis in two villages in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt

This study aimed at assessing the epidemiology of brucellosis among both human and livestock populations in an endemic area in Egypt. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two villages, where 616 inhabitants (aged 3-75 years) and 350 livestock of 97 households were enrolled. Sera were tested for Brucella spp. antibodies by tube agglutination test for both populations. Proportions of seropositive sera were 0.0 and 1.7% among the inhabitants, and 0.0 and 16% among livestock of villages I and II, respectively. Calculated seroprevalences considering the clustering of brucellosis within households were 0.03 for people and 5.2 for livestock in village II. The village variable (P = 0.07) and keeping sheep in the household (P = 0.01) were significant risk factors for human brucellosis, whereas only the village was significant for livestock (P < 0.001). Sheep showed the highest seropositive proportions of brucellosis among livestock. No association could be detected between human and livestock brucellosis. In conclusion, we found local variation of seroprevalences of brucellosis among human and livestock in the two surveyed villages. Further epidemiological studies have to be conducted in randomly selected governorates, not only to confirm the low seroprevelance of human brucellosis, but also to assess the risk factors of livestock infection for terms of prophylaxi