Observational constraints on methane emissions from Polish coal mines using a ground-based remote sensing network

Given its abundant coal mining activities, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in southern Poland is one of the largest sources of anthropogenic methane (CH$_{4}$) emissions in Europe. Here, we report on CH$_{4}$emission estimates for coal mine ventilation facilities in the USCB. Our estimates are driven by pairwise upwind–downwind observations of the column-average dry-air mole fractions of CH$_{4}$ (XCH$_{4}$) by a network of four portable, ground-based, sun-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers of the type EM27/SUN operated during the CoMet campaign in May–June 2018. The EM27/SUN instruments were deployed in the four cardinal directions around the USCB approximately 50 km from the center of the basin. We report on six case studies for which we inferred emissions by evaluating the mismatch between the observed downwind enhancements and simulations based on trajectory calculations releasing particles out of the ventilation shafts using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The latter was driven by wind fields calculated by WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model) under assimilation of vertical wind profile measurements of three co-deployed wind lidars. For emission estimation, we use a Phillips–Tikhonov regularization scheme with the L-curve criterion. Diagnosed by the emissions averaging kernels, we find that, depending on the catchment area of the downwind measurements, our ad hoc network can resolve individual facilities or groups of ventilation facilities but that inspecting the emissions averaging kernels is essential to detect correlated estimates. Generally, our instantaneous emission estimates range between 80 and 133 kt CH$_{4}$ a$^{-1}$ for the southeastern part of the USCB and between 414 and 790 kt CH$_{4}$a$^{-1}$ for various larger parts of the basin, suggesting higher emissions than expected from the annual emissions reported by the E-PRTR (European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register). Uncertainties range between 23 % and 36 %, dominated by the error contribution from uncertain wind fields

Zooming in on localized carbon dioxide emissions from space: the CO2Image demonstrator

Monitoring anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from space is one of the key components of the global and national-scale carbon monitoring systems currently being developed to support and verify greenhouse gas emission reduction measures. Current and planned satellite missions such as JAXA's GOSAT and NASA's OCO series and the European Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (CO2M) mission aim at budgeting national and regional-scale emissions down to scales of large urban agglomerations and large point-sources with typical emissions in excess of 10 MtCO2/year. Here, we report on the continued evaluation of our mission concept "CO2Image" to be flown within the DLR CompactSatellite program. The mission is designed to complement the suite of planned CO2 sensors by zooming in on facility-scale emissions down to source strengths of 1 MtCO2/year. A fleet of CO2Image sensors would enable roughly 80% of the CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants to be monitored. The enabling feature of the mission will be a target region approach covering target tiles of ~50x50km2 extent with ground-resolution as fine as 50x50m2. Thereby, CO2Image will allow for exhaust plumes from individual localized sources to be resolved, essentially providing super-resolution nests for survey missions such as CO2M. We outline the mission and sensor concept for a demonstrator mission compatible with launch as early as the year 2025 and we evaluate the prospective performance of the demonstrator in terms of spectral resolution, spectral coverage, noise and systematic errors, and radiometric error sources such as scene heterogeneity

Observational constraints on methane emissions from Polish coal mines using a ground-based remote sensing network

International audienceGiven its abundant coal mining activities, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in southern Poland is one of the largest sources of anthropogenic methane (CH 4) emissions in Europe. Here, we report on CH 4 emission estimates for coal mine ventilation facilities in the USCB. Our estimates are driven by pairwise upwinddownwind observations of the column-average dry-air mole fractions of CH 4 (XCH 4) by a network of four portable, ground-based, sun-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers of the type EM27/SUN operated during the CoMet campaign in May-June 2018. The EM27/SUN instruments were deployed in the four cardinal directions around the USCB approximately 50 km from the center of the basin. We report on six case studies for which we inferred emissions by evaluating the mismatch between the observed downwind enhancements and simulations based on trajectory calculations releasing particles out of the ventilation shafts using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The latter was driven by wind fields calculated by WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model) under assimilation of vertical wind profile measurements of three co-deployed wind lidars. For emission estimation, we use a Phillips-Tikhonov regularization scheme with the L-curve criterion. Diagnosed by the emissions averaging kernels, we find that, depending on the catchment area of the downwind measurements, our ad hoc network can resolve individual facilities or groups of ventilation facilities but that inspecting the emissions averaging kernels is essential to detect correlated estimates. Generally, our instantaneous emission estimates range between 80 and 133 kt CH 4 a −1 for the southeastern part of the USC

Efeito da suplementação de linhaça, óleo de canola e vitamina e na dieta sobre a oxidação dos ácidos graxos na gema dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras

To investigate the effect of dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids - canola oil and flaxseed - with different vitamin E supplementation upon the fatty acids oxidation produtcts deposition into the eggs. 288 Babcock laying hens were used. Birds were fed diets containing 6% of canola oil, 20% of flaxseed or a combination of 3% of canola oil and 10% of flaxseed, enriched with 0, 100 or 200 Ul of dl-a-tocopheril acetate, hens were randomly allocated and the experimental design was a 3X3 factorial arrangement. The inclusion of flaxseed into the diet increased the yolk polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidation products, in crude and cooked stored eggs. The concentration of fatty acids oxidation products decrease in crude eggs in all sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The cooked eggs without a-tocopherol supplementation in the diet increase the concentration of oxidation products when compared with cooked eggs from diets with 100 or 200UI a-tocopherol in the die