134 research outputs found
Multispeckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy: a tool to study slow relaxation and time-dependent dynamics
A multispeckle technique for efficiently measuring correctly
ensemble-averaged intensity autocorrelation functions of scattered light from
non-ergodic and/or non-stationary systems is described.
The method employs a CCD camera as a multispeckle light detector and a
computer-based correlator, and permits the simultaneous calculation of up to
500 correlation functions, where each correlation function is started at a
different time.
The correlation functions are calculated in real time and are referenced to a
unique starting time.
The multispeckle nature of the CCD camera detector means that a true ensemble
average is calculated; no time averaging is necessary.
The technique thus provides a "snapshot" of the dynamics, making it
particularly useful for non-stationary systems where the dynamics are changing
with time.
Delay times spanning the range from 1 ms to 1000 s are readily achieved with
this method.
The technique is demonstrated in the multiple scattering limit where
diffusing-wave spectroscopy theory applies.
The technique can also be combined with a recently-developed two-cell
technique that can measure faster decay times.
The combined technique can measure delay times from 10 ns to 1000 s.
The method is peculiarly well suited for studying aging processes in soft
glassy materials, which exhibit both short and long relaxation times,
non-ergodic dynamics, and slowly-evolving transient behavior.Comment: 11 pages 13 figures Accepted in Review of Scientific Instrument (june
02
A 32-channel photon counting module with embedded auto/cross-correlators for real-time parallel fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a well-established technique to study binding interactions or the diffusion of fluorescently labeled biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. Fast FCS experiments require parallel data acquisition and analysis which can be achieved by exploiting a multi-channel Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) array and a corresponding multi-input correlator. This paper reports a 32-channel FPGA based correlator able to perform 32 auto/cross-correlations simultaneously over a lag-time ranging from 10 ns up to 150 ms. The correlator is included in a 32 × 1 SPAD array module, providing a compact and flexible instrument for high throughput FCS experiments. However, some inherent features of SPAD arrays, namely afterpulsing and optical crosstalk effects, may introduce distortions in the measurement of auto- and cross-correlation functions. We investigated these limitations to assess their impact on the module and evaluate possible workarounds
Noise in laser speckle correlation and imaging techniques
We study the noise of the intensity variance and of the intensity correlation
and structure functions measured in light scattering from a random medium in
the case when these quantities are obtained by averaging over a finite number N
of pixels of a digital camera. We show that the noise scales as 1/N in all
cases and that it is sensitive to correlations of signals corresponding to
adjacent pixels as well as to the effective time averaging (due to the finite
sampling time) and spatial averaging (due to the finite pixel size). Our
results provide a guide to estimation of noise level in such applications as
the multi-speckle dynamic light scattering, time-resolved correlation
spectroscopy, speckle visibility spectroscopy, laser speckle imaging etc.Comment: submitted 14 May 201
Characterization of anisotropic nano-particles by using depolarized dynamic light scattering in the near field
Light scattering techniques are widely used in many fields of condensed and
sof t matter physics. Usually these methods are based on the study of the
scattered light in the far field. Recently, a new family of near field
detection schemes has been developed, mainly for the study of small angle light
scattering. These techniques are based on the detection of the light intensity
near to the sample, where light scattered at different directions overlaps but
can be distinguished by Fourier transform analysis. Here we report for the
first time data obtained with a dynamic near field scattering instrument,
measuring both polarized and depolarized scattered light. Advantages of this
procedure over the traditional far field detection include the immunity to
stray light problems and the possibility to obtain a large number of
statistical samples for many different wave vectors in a single instantaneous
measurement. By using the proposed technique we have measured the translational
and rotational diffusion coefficients of rod-like colloidal particles. The
obtained data are in very good agreement with the data acquired with a
traditional light scattering apparatus.Comment: Published in Optics Express. This version has changes in bibliograph
Diffusing-wave spectroscopy of nonergodic media
We introduce an elegant method which allows the application of diffusing-wave
spectroscopy (DWS) to nonergodic, solid-like samples. The method is based on
the idea that light transmitted through a sandwich of two turbid cells can be
considered ergodic even though only the second cell is ergodic. If absorption
and/or leakage of light take place at the interface between the cells, we
establish a so-called "multiplication rule", which relates the intensity
autocorrelation function of light transmitted through the double-cell sandwich
to the autocorrelation functions of individual cells by a simple
multiplication. To test the proposed method, we perform a series of DWS
experiments using colloidal gels as model nonergodic media. Our experimental
data are consistent with the theoretical predictions, allowing quantitative
characterization of nonergodic media and demonstrating the validity of the
proposed technique.Comment: RevTeX, 12 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Forward pi^0 Production and Associated Transverse Energy Flow in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA
Deep-inelastic positron-proton interactions at low values of Bjorken-x down
to x \approx 4.10^-5 which give rise to high transverse momentum pi^0 mesons
are studied with the H1 experiment at HERA. The inclusive cross section for
pi^0 mesons produced at small angles with respect to the proton remnant (the
forward region) is presented as a function of the transverse momentum and
energy of the pi^0 and of the four-momentum transfer Q^2 and Bjorken-x.
Measurements are also presented of the transverse energy flow in events
containing a forward pi^0 meson. Hadronic final state calculations based on QCD
models implementing different parton evolution schemes are confronted with the
data.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures and 3 table
Inelastic photoproduction of J/Psi mesons at HERA
An analysis of inelastic photoproduction of J/Psi mesons is presented using data collected at the ep collider HERA corresponding to an integrated luminosity of above 80pb-1. Differential and double differential cross sections are measured in a wide kinematic region: 6
Inelastic Photoproduction of J/Psi Mesons at HERA
An analysis of inelastic photoproduction of J/Psi mesons is presented using
data collected at the ep collider HERA corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of above 80pb-1. Differential and double differential cross sections
are measured in a wide kinematic region: 60<W_gammap<260 GeV, 1<p_t^2< 60 GeV^2
and 0.05<z<0.9, where z is the fraction of the energy of the exchanged photon
transferred to the J/Psi meson in the rest frame of the target proton. Cross
sections at z<0.3 are presented for the first time. Theoretical calculations
within the Colour Singlet Model at NLO for direct photon processes are shown to
give a good description of the data in the medium z region (0.3<z<0.9) up to
the highest p_t^2 values. A calculation using a k_t factorisation approach in
LO in the Colour Singlet Model is also able to describe these data. The data in
the full z range are also compared to LO calculations within a non-relativistic
QCD framework including color octet and colour singlet contributions for direct
and resolved photons. It seems possible to reconcile data and theory with
modest contributions from colour octet processes. The polarisation of the J/Psi
meson is measured as a function of z and p_t,psi and is reasonably described by
the theoretical predictions.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures, 11 table
Inelastic Leptoproduction of J/Psi Mesons at HERA
The leptoproduction of J/psi mesons is studied in inelastic reactions for
four momentum transfers 2<Q^2<100GeV^2. The data were taken with the H1
detector at the electron proton collider HERA and correspond to an integrated
luminosity of 77 pb-1. Single differential and double differential cross
sections are measured with increased precision compared with previous analyses.
New leading order calculations within the non-relativistic QCD factorisation
approach including colour octet and colour singlet contributions are compared
with the data and are found to give a reasonable description of most
distributions. An exception is the shape of the distribution in the J/psi
fractional energy, z, which deviates significantly from that of the data.
Comparisons with photoproduction are made and the polarisation of the produced
J/psi meson is analysed.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figures and 7 table
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