Walter Benjamin : une philosophie de la traduction

Cette étude est consacrée à l’interprétation de Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) de la traduction. La pensée fondamentale de Benjamin de la traduction est essentiellement développée dans un essai portant sur La tâche du traducteur (1923). Pour Benjamin, la traduction exprime essentiellement le grand désir d’une complémentarité des langues. Retrouver le pur langage recouvert et occulté par les langues, c’est la tâche essentielle de la traduction. عالجنا في هذا المقال نظرية الترجمة عند الفيلسوف الألماني فالتر بنيامين (1892-1940). لقد طور بنيامين نظريته في الترجمة في مقال نشره عام 1923 بعنوان "مهمة المترجم"، بين فيه أن الترجمة تعبر بشكل أساسي عن الرغبة العميقة المسكونة في كل لغة من اللغات من أجل تجاوز فرديتها و تاريخيتها و تحقيق المصالحة الشاملة و الكلية للغات. و حسب بنيامين، فإن المهمة الأساسية للترجمة هي تحرير اللغة الصافية و الآدمية المحتجبة و المستترة وراء اللغات.   

High-Resolution Speaker Counting In Reverberant Rooms Using CRNN With Ambisonics Features

Speaker counting is the task of estimating the number of people that are simultaneously speaking in an audio recording. For several audio processing tasks such as speaker diarization, separation, localization and tracking, knowing the number of speakers at each timestep is a prerequisite, or at least it can be a strong advantage, in addition to enabling a low latency processing. For that purpose, we address the speaker counting problem with a multichannel convolutional recurrent neural network which produces an estimation at a short-term frame resolution. We trained the network to predict up to 5 concurrent speakers in a multichannel mixture, with simulated data including many different conditions in terms of source and microphone positions, reverberation, and noise. The network can predict the number of speakers with good accuracy at frame resolution.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur

A Study of Temperature Effect on the Rayleigh Velocity of Superconductor Material Type Bi2212 Using Acoustic Techniques

In the present work, the effect of the temperature on Rayleigh velocity VRVR of superconductor material type Bi2212 is studied, focusing on the modelling of both the reflection coefficient RR(θθ) and the acoustic signature VV(zz). Consequently, the study allows us to deduct the velocities of the acoustic waves of surface and volume, following their evolution as functions of temperature. The study is carried out in case of porous and non-porous superconductor material type Bi2212 in a temperature range from 10 to 295 K and with work frequency of 600 MHz. This modelling study is based on experimental results obtained on porous and non-porous Bi2212 superconducting materials in the temperature range of 10 to 295 K at a frequency of 600 MHz.В данной работе изучалось влияние температуры на скорость Рэлея VRVR сверхпроводникового материала типа Bi2212, сосредоточиваясь на моделировании коэффициента отражения RR(θθ) и акустической характеристики VV(zz). Исследование позволяет рассчитать скорости поверхностной и объёмной акустических волн, следуя их эволюции в зависимости от температуры. Исследование проводилось для случая пористого и непористого сверхпроводника типа Bi2212 при температуре от 10 до 295 К и рабочей частоте 600 МГц. Такое моделирование основано на экспериментальных результатах, полученных на пористых и непористых сверхпроводящих материалах Bi2212 в диапазоне температур от 10 до 295 К на частоте 600 МГц.У даній роботі досліджено вплив температури на Релейову швидкість VRVR надпровідного матеріялу типу Bi2212, зосереджуючись на моделюванні коефіцієнта відбиття RR(θθ) та акустичної характеристики VV(zz). Дослідження уможливлює вирахувати швидкості поверхневої й об’ємної акустичних хвиль за їхньою еволюцією, залежно від температури. Дослідження проводилося для випадку пористого та непористого надпровідникового матеріялу типу Bi2212 за температури від 10 до 295 К та робочої частоти у 600 МГц. Таке моделювання базувалося на експериментальних результатах, одержаних на пористих і непористих надпровідних матеріялах Bi2212 в діяпазоні температур від 10 до 295 К за частоти у 600 МГц

A Cost Effective Block Framing Scheme for Underwater Communication

In this paper, the Selective Multiple Acknowledgement (SMA) method, based on Multiple Acknowledgement (MA), is proposed to efficiently reduce the amount of data transmission by redesigning the transmission frame structure and taking into consideration underwater transmission characteristics. The method is suited to integrated underwater system models, as the proposed method can handle the same amount of data in a much more compact frame structure without any appreciable loss of reliability. Herein, the performance of the proposed SMA method was analyzed and compared to those of the conventional Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ), Block Acknowledgement (BA), block response, and MA methods. The efficiency of the underwater sensor network, which forms a large cluster and mostly contains uplink data, is expected to be improved by the proposed method

Distribution of races of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Algeria and identication of a new virulence type

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is a foliar disease  of wheat, responsible for high economic losses in several wheat  growing areas in the world. There are eight known races of P. tritici-repentis based on ability to induce necrosis and/or chlorosis on a set of differential cultivars. Fifty five isolates of P. tritici-repentis  originating from diverse wheat growing regions in Algeria were  studied to determine which races are present and to identify new  races. Races 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were found and a new virulence pattern was identified. Isolates with this pattern induced necrosis in durum  wheat but failed to induce any disease in the common wheat  genotypes in the differential set

Feature extraction and selection for Arabic tweets authorship authentication

© 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. In tweet authentication, we are concerned with correctly attributing a tweet to its true author based on its textual content. The more general problem of authenticating long documents has been studied before and the most common approach relies on the intuitive idea that each author has a unique style that can be captured using stylometric features (SF). Inspired by the success of modern automatic document classification problem, some researchers followed the Bag-Of-Words (BOW) approach for authenticating long documents. In this work, we consider both approaches and their application on authenticating tweets, which represent additional challenges due to the limitation in their sizes. We focus on the Arabic language due to its importance and the scarcity of works related on it. We create different sets of features from both approaches and compare the performance of different classifiers using them. We experiment with various feature selection techniques in order to extract the most discriminating features. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind to combine these different sets of features for authorship analysis of Arabic tweets. The results show that combining all the feature sets we compute yields the best results

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection identifies risk variants and genes related to artery integrity and tissue-mediated coagulation

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an understudied cause of myocardial infarction primarily affecting women. It is not known to what extent SCAD is genetically distinct from other cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Here we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis (1,917 cases and 9,292 controls) identifying 16 risk loci for SCAD. Integrative functional annotations prioritized genes that are likely to be regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells and artery fibroblasts and implicated in extracellular matrix biology. One locus containing the tissue factor gene F3, which is involved in blood coagulation cascade initiation, appears to be specific for SCAD risk. Several associated variants have diametrically opposite associations with CAD, suggesting that shared biological processes contribute to both diseases, but through different mechanisms. We also infer a causal role for high blood pressure in SCAD. Our findings provide novel pathophysiological insights involving arterial integrity and tissue-mediated coagulation in SCAD and set the stage for future specific therapeutics and preventions

Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993-2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTISD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTISD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTISD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.Peer reviewe

Positive impacts of important bird and biodiversity areas on wintering waterbirds under changing temperatures throughout Europe and North Africa

Migratory waterbirds require an effectively conserved cohesive network of wetland areas throughout their range and life-cycle. Under rapid climate change, protected area (PA) networks need to be able to accommodate climate-driven range shifts in wildlife if they are to continue to be effective in the future. Thus, we investigated geographical variation in the relationship between local temperature anomaly and the abundance of 61 waterbird species during the wintering season across Europe and North Africa during 1990-2015. We also compared the spatio-temporal effects on abundance of sites designated as PAs, Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), both, or neither designation (Unlisted). Waterbird abundance was positively correlated with temperature anomaly, with this pattern being strongest towards north and east Europe. Waterbird abundance was higher inside IBAs, whether they were legally protected or not. Trends in waterbird abundance were also consistently more positive inside both protected and unprotected IBAs across the whole study region, and were positive in Unlisted wetlands in southwestern Europe and North Africa. These results suggest that IBAs are important sites for wintering waterbirds, but also that populations are shifting to unprotected wetlands (some of which are IBAs). Such IBAs may therefore represent robust candidate sites to expand the network of legally protected wetlands under climate change in north-eastern Europe. These results underscore the need for monitoring to understand how the effectiveness of site networks is changing under climate change.Peer reviewe

Automated authorship attribution using advanced signal classification techniques

In this paper, we develop two automated authorship attribution schemes, one based on Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) and the other based on a Support Vector Machine (SVM). The classification features we exploit are based on word frequencies in the text. We adopt an approach of preprocessing each text by stripping it of all characters except a-z and space. This is in order to increase the portability of the software to different types of texts. We test the methodology on a corpus of undisputed English texts, and use leave-one-out cross validation to demonstrate classification accuracies in excess of 90%. We further test our methods on the Federalist Papers, which have a partly disputed authorship and a fair degree of scholarly consensus. And finally, we apply our methodology to the question of the authorship of the Letter to the Hebrews by comparing it against a number of original Greek texts of known authorship. These tests identify where some of the limitations lie, motivating a number of open questions for future work. An open source implementation of our methodology is freely available for use at https://github.com/matthewberryman/autho​r-detection.Maryam Ebrahimpour, Tālis J. Putniņš, Matthew J. Berryman, Andrew Allison, Brian W.-H. Ng, Derek Abbot