A review of microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis for monitoring biological events

Microdialysis is a powerful sampling technique that enables monitoring of dynamic processes in vitro and in vivo. The combination of microdialysis with chromatographic or electrophoretic methods yields along with selective detection methods yields a “separation-based sensor” capable of monitoring multiple analytes in near real time. Analysis of microdialysis samples requires techniques that are fast (<1 min), have low volume requirements (nL–pL), and, ideally, can be employed on-line. Microchip electrophoresis fulfills these requirements and also permits the possibility of integrating sample preparation and manipulation with detection strategies directly on-chip. Microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis has been employed for monitoring biological events in vivo and in vitro. This review discusses technical considerations for coupling microdialysis sampling and microchip electrophoresis, including various interface designs, and current applications in the field

Atmospheric circulation patterns, cloud-to-ground lightning, and locally intense convective rainfall associated with debris flow initiation in the Dolomite Alps of northeastern Italy

The Dolomite Alps of northeastern Italy experience debris flows with great frequency during the summer months. An ample supply of unconsolidated material on steep slopes and a summer season climate regime characterized by recurrent thunderstorms combine to produce an abundance of these destructive hydro-geologic events. In the past, debris flow events have been studied primarily in the context of their geologic and geomorphic characteristics. The atmospheric contribution to these mass-wasting events has been limited to recording rainfall and developing intensity thresholds for debris mobilization. This study aims to expand the examination of atmospheric processes that preceded both locally intense convective rainfall (LICR) and debris flows in the Dolomite region. 500 hPa pressure level plots of geopotential heights were constructed for a period of 3 days prior to debris flow events to gain insight into the synoptic-scale processes which provide an environment conducive to LICR in the Dolomites. Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash data recorded at the meso-scale were incorporated to assess the convective environment proximal to debris flow source regions. Twelve events were analyzed and from this analysis three common synoptic-scale circulation patterns were identified. Evaluation of CG flashes at smaller spatial and temporal scales illustrated that convective processes vary in their production of CF flashes (total number) and the spatial distribution of flashes can also be quite different between events over longer periods. During the 60 min interval immediately preceding debris flow a majority of cases exhibited spatial and temporal colocation of LICR and CG flashes. Also a number of CG flash parameters were found to be significantly correlated to rainfall intensity prior to debris flow initiation

“Everything Old Is New Again”: The Rise of Interpolation in Popular Music

With hip-hop becoming the number one genre in the United States, many artists working outside of the hip-hop genre are trying to emulate the success of hip-hop artists by incorporating compositional techniques of hip-hop into their own music. One of the most common hip-hop techniques adopted by artists working in other genres is sampling. However, with copyright rules and regulations becoming more strictly enforced, artists are finding creative ways to emulate sampling styles, while trying to avoid copyright concerns, including interpolation. Through the technique of interpolation, by reperforming aspects of the original song, artists are able to quote and reference previously recorded songs while avoiding some of the legal ramifications. This avoids many issues of copyright while providing the original songwriter with credit and a portion of the royalties. This trend has been increasing significantly since 2017 and many publishing companies are taking an interest in this trend. Primary Wave is leading the trend of buying artists’ catalogs and encouraging current artists to interpolate music from their own song library, bringing in revenue to the publishing company in addition to the artists. By focusing on songs from 2017 to 2023 of Billboard’s Year-End Hot 100, this thesis will exam interpolation trends through the lenses of social media, copyright issues, and economic gain for publishing companies

Subsurface Relationships between the Sebree Trough and Carbonate-Siliciclastic Mixing in the Upper Ordovician Lexington-Trenton and Point Pleasant-Utica Intervals in Ohio, USA, using Multivariate Statistical Well Log Analysis

The Upper Ordovician (lower Katian; upper Chatfieldian-lower Edenian) Lexington-Trenton limestone and Point Pleasant-Utica shale intervals are important subsurface stratigraphic units across Ohio as they are the sources of significant conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources. However, both units exhibit anomalous distributions across the state and heterogeneous relationships, especially in areas where they intertongue. The limestone units show a peculiar SW-NE thinning trend across Ohio, whereas the overlying shale units show an anomalous thickening along the same trend—a trend associated with the poorly understood Sebree Trough, a supposed Late Ordovician paleobathymetric low related to the coeval Taconic Orogeny. To explore relationships amon Lexington-Trenton carbonates, Point Pleasant-Utica shales, and the presumed Sebree Trough, multivariate statistical analysis was used to compare geophysical well logs across the state with well logs referenced to the mineral content of 4 Lexington-Trenton-Point Pleasant-Utica cores. Comparing well-log responses with the mineral content of the reference cores allowed the discernment of 10 electrofacies, keyed to lithofacies in the cores. Software analysis of many other well logs across the state then made electrofacies assignments by comparing well-log responses from the other wells with well-log responses from the reference cores preset into the software. Electrofacies responses were color-coded, mapped in wells at 0.6 m (2 ft) resolution, and used to make section lines and isopach maps of similar electrofacies. Isopach maps and cross sections confirm the presence of the Sebree Trough across Ohio, with trends that parallel existing and projected basement structures. This suggests that the Sebree Trough in Ohio was a bathymetric low, which was, at least in part, controlled by reactivation of basement structures due to far-field Taconic stresses

Development of data processing interpretation and analysis system for the remote sensing of trace atmospheric gas species

Problems associated with the development of the measurement of air pollution from satellites (MAPS) experiment program are addressed. The primary thrust of this research was the utilization of the MAPS experiment data in three application areas: low altitude aircraft flights (one to six km); mid altitude aircraft flights (eight to 12 km); and orbiting space platforms. Extensive research work in four major areas of data management was the framework for implementation of the MAPS experiment technique. These areas are: (1) data acquisition; (2) data processing, analysis and interpretation algorithms; (3) data display techniques; and (4) information production

Protective Coating Program Final Report

This program consists of two primary segments: 1) installing an environmental monitoring station at the Toyota marshalling yard at Georgetown, Kentucky, and 2) conducting laboratory and field tests of paint and wax-coated painted specimens to assess the protection against acid rain damage afforded by a protective transient coating

Megathrust Heterogeneity, Crustal Accretion, and a Topographic Embayment in the Western Nepal Himalaya : Insights From the Inversion of Thermochronological Data

Between 81 degrees 30MODIFIER LETTER PRIMEE and 83 degrees E, the Himalayan range's "perfect" arcuate shape is interrupted by an embayment. We hypothesize that thrust geometry and duplexing along the megathrust at midlower-crustal depths play a leading role in growth of the embayment as well the southern margin of the Tibetan plateau. To test this hypothesis, we conducted thermokinematic modeling of published thermochronologic data from the topographic and structural embayment in the western Nepal Himalaya to investigate the three-dimensional geometry and kinematics of the megathrust at midlower-crustal depths. Models that can best reproduce observed cooling ages suggest that the megathrust in the western Nepal Himalaya is best described as two ramps connected by a long flat that extends further north than in segments to the east and west. These models suggest that the high-slope zone along the embayment lies above the foreland limb of an antiformal crustal accretion zone on the megathrust with lateral and oblique ramps at midlower-crustal depths. The lateral and oblique ramps may have initiated by ca. 10 Ma. This process may have controlled along-strike variation in Himalayan-plateau growth and therefore development of the topographic embayment. Finally, we analyze geological and morphologic features and propose an evolution model in which landscape and drainage systems across the central-western Himalaya evolve in response to crustal accretion at depth and the three-dimensional geometry of the megathrust. Our work highlights the importance of crustal accretion at different depths in orogenic-wedge growth and that the midlower crustal accretion determines the location of plateau edge.Peer reviewe