Estimation of the growth curve parameters in Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Growth is one of the most important characteristics of cultured species. The objective of this study was to determine the fitness of linear, log linear, polynomial, exponential and Logistic functions to the growth curves of Macrobrachium rosenbergii obtained by using weekly records of live weight, total length, head length, claw length, and last segment length from 20 to 192 days of age. The models were evaluated according to the coefficient of determination (R2), and error sum off square (ESS) and helps in formulating breeders in selective breeding programs. Twenty full-sib families consisting 400 PLs each were stocked in 20 different hapas and reared till 8 weeks after which a total of 1200 animals were transferred to earthen ponds and reared up to 192 days. The R2 values of the models ranged from 56 – 96 in case of overall body weight with logistic model being the highest. The R2 value for total length ranged from 62 to 90 with logistic model being the highest. In case of head length, the R2 value ranged between 55 and 95 with logistic model being the highest. The R2 value for claw length ranged from 44 to 94 with logistic model being the highest. For last segment length, R2 value ranged from 55 – 80 with polynomial model being the highest. However, the log linear model registered low ESS value followed by linear model for overall body weight while exponential model showed low ESS value followed by log linear model in case of head length. For total length the low ESS value was given by log linear model followed by logistic model and for claw length exponential model showed low ESS value followed by log linear model. In case of last segment length, linear model showed lowest ESS value followed by log linear model. Since, the model that shows highest R2 value with low ESS value is generally considered as the best fit model. Among the five models tested, logistic model, log linear model and linear models were found to be the best models for overall body weight, total length and head length respectively. For claw length and last segment length, log linear model was found to be the best model. These models can be used to predict growth rates in M. rosenbergii. However, further studies need to be conducted with more growth traits taken into consideratio

Gender-based comparison of nutritional status in tribal and non-tribal populations: a study in the Udaipur region

Background: It is imperative to examine the nutritional quality of adult populations, both tribal and non-tribal, in the Udaipur region of Rajasthan in order to comprehend the health dynamics of these societies. Tribal communities frequently encounter particular difficulties with regard to healthcare access, socioeconomic standing, and cultural customs that may have an impact on their nutritional well-being that is distinct from that of non-tribal communities. Methods: Our study group consisted of 300 tribals and 300 non tribals. The blood was tested to determine various nutritional parameters like minerals iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamins like vitamin, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Results: Comparable levels of parameters like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin D3 were found in both non-tribal and tribal people, suggesting that both groups' nutritional statuses were generally similar. Non-tribal males and females exhibited significantly higher iron levels compared to their tribal counterparts. Both non-tribal males and females had considerably higher levels of vitamin C and B12 compared to tribal peers. Conclusions: The study highlights the differences in iron, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 levels that occur in the Udaipur region between non-tribal and tribal individuals

A subclass of bi-univalent functions related to shell-like curves connected with Fibonacci numbers associated with (p, q)-derivative

In this paper, we define a new subclass of bi-univalent functions related to shell-like curves connected with Fibonacci numbers by using (p, q)-derivative and the coefficient estimates, Fekete-Szego inequalities are discussed for the functions belonging to this class.Publisher's Versio

Validated spectophotometric methods for the assay of cinitapride hydrogen tartrate in pharmaceuticals

Three simple, selective and rapid spectrophotometric methods have been established for the determination of cinitapride hydrogen tartrate (CHT) in pharmaceutical tablets. The proposed methods are based on the diazotization of CHT with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, followed by coupling with resorcinol, 1-benzoylacetone and 8-hydroxyquinoline in alkaline medium for methods A, B and C respectively. The formed azo dyes are measured at 442, 465 and 552 nm for methods A, B and C respectively. The parameters that affect the reaction were carefully optimized. Under optimum conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed over the ranges 2.0-32.0, 1.0-24.0 and 1.0-20.0 μg. mL-1 for methods A, B, and C, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values are 1.2853 x104, 1.9624 x104 and 3.92 x104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for methods A, B and C, respectively. The results of the proposed procedures were validated statistically according to ICH guidelines. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of CHT in Cintapro tablets without interference from common excipients encountered

Computer Assisted Cartography in Nautical Charting — An Appraisal

Computer Assisted Cartography (CAC) is the application of modern computer technology in the fields of data capturing, processing and production. CAC has played a prominent role in i) acquisition of data through Automatic Data Logging Systems (ADLS), ii) creation of Data Bases of map/chart files using manual/automatic digitizers, Hi) editing of data by Interactive Graphic Terminals (GRT), iv) precise plotting and projection of data using sophisticated plotters, v) scribing of lineal details/symbols, vi) photoflashing and photo plotting of alphanumeric details/symbols on film , vii) preparation of colour separation/ribbon originals. Thus CAC has taken over almost all roles of the time consuming conventional/manual cartography of hand print, stick up of phototyped alphanumeric details/symbols, hand scribe and manual colour separation. CAC has radically reduced the time span of chart making and provides fast, accurate and uniform results. A computer assisted, cartographic plotting system consisting of an on-line system for data base generation and an off-line precision plotting system for preparation of fair drawing originals was installed in the Naval Hydrographic Office (NHO), Dehra Dun in 1981. The paper outlines the process of chart production by CAC and discusses the functions of different units of the system such as the digitizer, verification plotter, graphic terminal, precision plotter, etc. The authors have made an appraisal of the functioning of CÀC in nautical charting in NHO during the past 5 years and have explained various problems/setbacks that were encountered by cartographic programmers and draughtsmen in running the auto chart system and how these were overcome by continued Research and Development (R&D) efforts. The paper reveals that initially compilations were not computer compatible, which resulted in positional errors/shift in plots, misinterpretation and misrepresentation. Standards for preparing computer compatible compilations have now been laid down. The ‘cartographic rigidity’ based on technical principles initially provoked resistance from certain cartographers and draughtsmen in accepting the CAC product. However, CAC products are now being accepted with minor reservations as these are drawn in a clear, sharper, uniform, accurate and faster manner. The authors are of the opinion that nautical cartographers and draughtsmen who have the knowledge of charting practices and navigational requirements are better suited for working on the system than those persons without this specialized knowledge. The paper outlines the R&D efforts and discusses various modifications made in original software and how certain new software was developed for projection, lattices, etc. The CAC in NHO is being maintained in-house by qualified electronic engineers. However, due to non availability of certain spares indigeneously the system at times becomes non-operational. The authors have pointed out the limitation of new technology and have outlined the compromises that have been made. There are still certain unsolved problems in text depiction, positioning of finely curved details, overlapping of details at sharp turns, plotting breakers, rotation of specific symbols, etc. However, it is felt that despite certain reservations CAC will continue to function as a useful tool for data storage, chart revision and production. It will also play a significant role in development of the new technique of the ‘electronic chart’

Analysis and Design of Solar Photo voltaic Grid Connected Inverter

This paper presents common mode voltage analysis of single phase grid connected photovoltaic inverter. Many researchers proposed different grid tie inverters for applications like domestic powering, street lighting, water pumping, cooling and heating applications, however traditional grid tie PV inverter uses either a line frequency or a high frequency transformer between the inverter and grid but losses will increase in the network leading to reduced efficiency of the system. In order to increase the efficiency, with reduced size and cost of the system, the effective solution is to remove the isolation transformer. But common mode (CM) ground leakage current due to parasitic capacitance between the PV panels and the ground making the system unreliable. The common mode current reduces the efficiency of power conversion stage, affects the quality of grid current, deteriorate the electric magnetic compatibility and give rise to the safety threats. In order to eliminate the common mode leakage current in Transformerless PV systm two control algorithms of multi-carrier pwm are implemented and compared for performance analysis.The shoot-through issue that is encountered by traditional voltage source inverter is analyzed for enhanced system reliability. These control algorithms are compared for common mode voltage and THD comparisons. The proposed system is designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software for analysis

PRONIOSOMAL GEL MEDIATED TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF GLIBENCLAMIDE AND ATENOLOL COMBINATION: EXVIVO AND PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDIES

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop an optimized dosage form for treating comorbidity in combination and evaluate it for its pharmacodynamic performance in male Wistar albino rats. Methods: Transdermal proniosomal gel for Combination of Glibenclamide (GLB) and Atenolol (ATN) was developed and optimized by Box Behnken design. This optimized combinational proniosomal gel (OCPG), which was selected by a point prediction method, was evaluated for its ex vivo, skin irritation studies and pharmacodynamic activities of both drugs in rats in comparison with its oral therapy. Results: The ex-vivo permeation behavior through different skins was studied and the findings were also confirmed by the values of the steady-state flux (Jss). The OCPG observed an increase of more than twice in the cumulative amount of impregnated drugs compared to pure drug films. The study on skin irritation revealed the non-irritability of the developed OCPG applied. OCPG significantly showed sustained hypoglycemic activity in rats (p<0.001), when compared to orally treat animals up to 24 h. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering effect of OCPG was found to be significant (p<0.02), when compared to orally treat rats up to 24 h. However, the reduction was slow and sustained in the case of OPCG where a significant response was observed in the performed studies. Conclusion: Overall, the results show that controlled release GLB and ATN proniosomes offer a useful and promising transdermal delivery system. Henceforth this may be an achievement in treating the diabetic hypertensive patient