Retrospective Analysis of Ponticulus Posticus in Indian Orthodontic Patients- A Lateral Cephalometric Study

Background: The lateral cephalogram is the most common diagnostic radiograph used in clinical orthodontics. Significant cervical spine pathology can be detected on the routine lateral cephalogram. The aim of this study is to sensitize clinicians for examining the cervical area of lateral cephalogram carefully and thus record anatomical variations.Materials and methods: The presence and types of ponticuli posticus were investigated on 650 lateral cephalograms which were randomly selected from archived records at AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, BangaloreResults: The prevalence rate of Ponticulus Posticus in our study was found to be 11.1%. Though there was slight female predominance of 11.7% as compared to 10.4% in males, difference was not statistically significant.Conclustion: Ponticulus posticus is a common anomaly in the Indian population. If any such anomaly is detected or suspected, it must be documented in the patient’s health record and specialist consultation must be sought. The lateral cephalogram must thus be considered as one of the baseline screening tool for detecting anomalies and pathology in the cervical spine region.Keywords: Ponticulus posticus, kimmerle anomaly, lateral cephalogram, arcuate foramen, migrain

Development of fast dispersing tablets of nebivolol: experimental and computational approaches to study formulation characteristics

Otimizou-se e avaliou-se formulação de comprimidos de dispersão rápida (CDR) de nebivolol, usando planejamento de grade simplex (PGS). Estudou-se a influência do tipo e da concentração de três desintegrantes viz, Ac-Di-Sol, Primojel e Poliplasdona XL, na dureza, friabilidade e tempo de desintegração do comprimido. O gráfico de superfície de resposta e as equações polinomiais foram utilizados para avaliar a influência do polímero nas propriedades do comprimido. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA, considerando-se p < 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Os resultados revelam que a integridade das fibras e o grau de substituição ótimo no Primojel e Ac-Di-Sol são os principais responsáveis pela dureza do comprimido. O uso de Poliplasdona em maior porcentagem na formulação pode produzir friabilidade elevada. O aumento de Ac-Di-Sol aumenta o tempo de desintegração, mas o aumento da concentração de Primojel na formulação diminui o tempo de desintegração. Isto é, também, evidente no modelo de tempo de desintegração com alto valor de "F" de 14,69 e "p" de 0,0031 (< 0,05). A razão poderia ser que o Primojel tem maiores propriedades de intumescimento e ótima capacidade de hidratação, favorecendo a desintegração rápida do comprimido. Em conclusão, a cuidadosa seleção de um desintegrante para CDR poderia aprimorar suas propriedades. O uso do PGS para o desenvolvimento da formulação poderia simplificar o processo de formulação e reduzir o custo de produção.Formulation of FDT (fast dispersing tablets) of nebivolol was optimized and evaluated using simplex lattice design (SLD). The influence of type and concentration of three disintegrants viz., Ac-Di-Sol, Primojel and Polyplasdone XL on hardness, friability and disintegration time of tablet was studied. Response surface plot and the polynomial equations were used to evaluate influence of polymer on the tablet properties. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results reveal that fibrous integrity and optimal degree of substitution in Primojel and Ac-Di-Sol are mainly responsible for the hardness of the tablet. Use of Polyplasdone in higher percentage in tablet formulation may result in high friability. Increase in concentration of Ac-Di-Sol increases the disintegration time but increased concentration of Primojel in the tablet formulation decreases the disintegration time. This is also evident from model terms for disintegration time with a high 'F' value of 14.69 and 'p' value of 0.0031

Influence of Organic Acids on Diltiazem HCl Release Kinetics from Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Matrix Tablets

The matrix tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride were prepared by direct compression using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and various amounts (2.5%, 5.0%, 10% and 20%) of citric acid, malic acid and succinic acid. The characterization of physical mixture of drug and organic acids was performed by Infra-red spectroscopy. An organic acid was incorporated to set up a system bringing about gradual release of this drug. The influence of organic acids on the release rate were described by the Peppas equation: M t /M∞ = Kt n and Higuchi’s equation: Q t = K1t1/2. The addition of organic acids and the pH value of medium could notably influence the dissolution behavior and mechanism of drug-release from matrices. Increasing amounts of organic acid produced an increase in drug release rate, which showed a good linear relationship between contents of organic acid and drug accumulate release (%) in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The drug release increased significantly (P < 0.05) with use of succinic acid in tablet formulation. Increasing amounts of succinic acid above 10% produced decreasing values of n and increasing values of k, in a linear relationship, which indicated there was a burst release of drug from the matrix. Optimized formulations are found to be stable upon 3-month study

Natural gums as sustained release carriers: development of gastroretentive drug delivery system of ziprasidone HCl

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Objective of this study is to show the potential use of natural gums in the development of drug delivery systems. Therefore in this work gastro retentive tablet formulations of ziprasidone HCl were developed using simplex lattice design considering concentration of okra gum, locust bean gum and HPMC K4M as independent variables. A response surface plot and multiple regression equations were used to evaluate the effect of independent variables on hardness, f_lag time, floating time and drug release for 1 h, 2 h, and 8 h and for 24 h. A checkpoint batch was also prepared by considering the constraints and desirability of optimized formulation to improve its <it>in vitro</it> performance. Significance of result was analyzed using ANOVA and <it>p < 0.05</it> was considered statistically significant.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Formulation chiefly contains locust bean gum found to be favorable for hardness and floatability but combined effect of three variables was responsible for the sustained release of drug. The <it>in vitro</it> drug release data of check point batch (F8) was found to be sustained well compared to the most satisfactory formulation (F7) of 7 runs. The ‘n’ value was found to be between 0.5 and 1 suggesting that release of drug follows anomalous (non-fickian) diffusion mechanism indicating both diffusion and erosion mechanism from these natural gums. Predicted results were almost similar to the observed experimental values indicating the accuracy of the design. <it>In vivo</it> floatability test indicated non adherence to the gastric mucosa and tablets remain buoyant for more than 24 h.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Study showed these eco-friendly natural gums can be considered as promising SR polymers.</p

Rare Locations of Epidermoid Cyst: Case Reports and Review

BACKGROUND: Epidermoid cysts are benign lesions encountered throughout the body. Eighty percent of epidermoid cyst seen in ovaries and testicles, whereas in head and neck region they account for only 1.6-7.0%. 1.6% of epidermoid cysts occur in oral cavity and they account for 0.01% of all the oral cavity cysts.CASE DETAILS: Two case reports of epidermoid cyst has been discussed. One patient reported with well defined swelling in the right lower one third of the face, another one in the upper lip. Initially the cases were diagnosed as Lipoma and salivary adenoma respectively but histologically they turned out to be epidermoid cyst. Hence, we aim at highlighting the differential diagnosis pertaining to the anatomical location. The PubMed database search made on January 2016 yielded 674 articles of epidermoid cyst in the head and neck region. In that there is only one case reported occuring in the lower one third of face. In the current report, we outline the second case of epidermoid cyst localized to the right mandibular body region without bone involvement. Another case in our report was localized in the upper lip. In the literature totally seven cases were reported till now occurring in the lip.CONCLUSION: Although epidermoid cysts are rarely encountered in the oral cavity, the possibility that they may occur warrants the need for successful management to avoid misdiagnosis.KEYWORDS : Epidermoid cyst, Dermoid cyst , Lower one third of face, Mandibular body, Upper lip

Pharmacognostical and larvicidal evaluation of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. from Western Ghats

Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects acting as vector for many tropical and subtropical diseases. Using insecticides of plant origin to interrupt the life cycle, vector borne diseases can be controlled. Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. popularly known as Monkey Jack or Lakuch is ethnobotanically used to treat fever, purge, skin ailments and also as an appetizer. The present study investigated thepharmacognostical and larvicidal activity of leaves and fruits of A. lakoocha against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. As a step towards standardization of crude drug, the powder microscopy, physico-chemical analysis, TLC studies and HPTLC profiles of active pet ether extract were established. The larvicidal potential of successive solvent extracts were screened and expressed as LC50 values. The pet ether extract of leaves and fruits were significant with LC50 241.36, 624.88, 1162.86 and 1180.95, 1286.69, 1398.69 µg/mL on the three species, respectively compared to other extracts. The results indicate that the triterpenoids and phytosterols present in the pet ether extract exerted a dose dependent larvicidal activity and the malarial vector, An. stephensi was more susceptible to the pet ether extract

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Pharmacognostical and larvicidal evaluation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Artocarpus lakoocha </i>Roxb. from Western Ghats</span>

141-149<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:ajensonpro-regular;="" letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects acting as vector for many tropical and subtropical diseases. Using insecticides of plant origin to <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">interrupt the life cycle<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";="" mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:="" en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">, vector borne diseases can be controlled<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">. <span style="font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:="" ajensonpro-regular;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:="" en-in;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"="" lang="EN-GB">Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. popularly known as Monkey Jack or Lakuch is ethnobotanically used to treat fever, purge, skin ailments and also as an appetizer. <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">T<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;="" letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">he present study investigated the pharmacognostical and <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;letter-spacing:-.1pt;="" mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">larvicidal activity <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">of leaves and fruits of A. lakoocha against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. As a step towards standardization of crude drug, the powder microscopy, physico-chemical analysis, TLC studies and HPTLC profiles of active pet ether extract were established. The larvicidal potential of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">successive solvent extracts were screened and expressed as LC50 values. The pet ether extract of leaves and fruits were significant with LC50 241.36, 624.88, 1162.86 and 1180.95, 1286.69, 1398.69 µg/mL on the three species, respectively compared to other extracts. The results indicate that the triterpenoids and phytosterols present in the pet ether extract exerted a dose dependent larvicidal activity and the malarial vector,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> An. stephensi was more susceptible to the pet ether extract.</span