An analysis of surface integrity when drilling inconel 718 using palm oil and synthetic ester under, MQL condition

The components being manufactured in the aerospace industry must be capable of being utilized for long periods without failure. Thus, the functional behavior of these machined components is greatly dependent upon their surface integrity. The present work compares the performance of palm oil and synthetic ester on surface integrity during drilling of Inconel 718. The results indicate the substantial benefit of the minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) by palm oil on microhardness, surface roughness, surface defects and sub-surface deformation

Machining performance of vegetable oil with phosphonium- and ammonium-based ionic liquids via MQL technique

Thermo-mechanical loads are the main factor that influences the tool wear and product surfaces during machining processes. Lubrication in metal cutting is an effective medium to reduce frictional forces and wear on the tool-workpiece interfaces. On this regards, the advantages of using refined bio-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) with the presence of low toxic, biocompatible and oil-miscible ionic liquids (ILs) additives ([N1,8,8,8][NTf2] (AIL) & [P6,6,6,14][(iC8)2PO2] (PIL)) at nominal weight concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% are explored during orthogonal cutting of AISI 1045 steel. Accordingly, the lubricants are supplied via minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique and comparative studies are conducted against the performance of the neat modified Jatropha-based lubricant (MJO) and commercially available synthetic ester-based MQL cutting fluid (SE). The combination of mist supply of the MJOs during machining have a great impact on cleaner production that eliminates the excessive usage of fluids and supports the utilization of environmentally friendly chemicals. This work extends the application of a minute quantity of fully miscible ILs in polar vegetable-based MWF which proven to provide a significant improvement on the lubrication effect of the MJO. MJOþAIL10% and MJOþPIL1% showed the best cutting performance amongst all lubricant mixtures with reduction of cutting forces and specific cutting energy by 4 to 5%, cutting temperatures by 7 to 10%, friction coefficient by 2 to 3%, tool-chip contact length by 8 to 11%, chip thickness by 22 to 25%, friction angle by 1 to 2% and increased shear angle by 25 to 29% compared to the SE. Besides, the effect of low friction and reduced cutting forces produced lower specific cutting energy that promotes “greener” and more sustainable working environment

Three dimensional finite element modeling, when drilling of Ti-6Al-4V

Finite element modeling (FEM) is widely used to optimize machining processes, to predict and analyze the cutting force, cutting temperature and other related responses. Most of the FEM studies were conducted under the two dimensional orthogonal cutting. Drilling process, which involves oblique cutting is not suitable for orthogonal cutting modelling. Therefore, an attempt to simulate a three dimensional simulation of the drilling process is required. A commercially available software called DEFORM is used to accomplish the task. The value of thrust force from the simulation is compared with the experimental results and they are both in a good agreement. Comparison of the drill temperature at TC1 and TC2 are within an error margin of 12%

字体に生じる偶然の一致 : 「JIS X0208」と他文献における字体の「暗合」と「衝突」

国立国語研究所The National Language Research Institute既存の漢字字体を改造したり,写し誤ったばあいや,新しい漢字を創作したつもりでも,過去に同じ字体が存在していることがある。これは,通時的に見れば伝承関係があったかのように見え,「国字」「国訓」の区別,「異体字」「誤字体」の差異や「多義字」の問題にも関連する事象である。本稿では,転記された際に字体に変化が生じた例として,筆者が究明した「JIS X0208」に含まれる「堽」以下の10字を取り上げる。それら当時一般の漢和辞典に載っていなかった字について,「JIS X0208」の引用元資料とは関係をもたないそれ以前の諸文献に,字体が偶然に一致する用例を探索し,偶然の一致がどの程度発生するのかを確認する。用例を,(1)同一音義の字が個別的な発生・変化により結果的に同じ字体となる「暗合」と,(2)音義が異なる二つの字が個別的な発生・変化により同じ字体となる「衝突」とに分類する。10字すべてに字体上の偶然の一致は見つかり,高い割合で発生することが判明した。暗合が6字,衝突が8字,そのうち暗合,衝突ともに確認される字が4字存在した。暗合は字体の創作や変化に一定の傾向が存することを示す。衝突は,字を創作したり,誤記したばあいでも,字体の衝突は避けがたいことを反映し,多義字や国訓の一因とみられる。When some extant jitai (character forms) of kanji are transformed or mis-reproduced, or when some new kanji are created, it sometimes happens that identical jitai already existed in the past. It is necessary to examine the actual conditions in which this occurs, since this phenomenon concerns the distinction between kokuji (kanji created in Japan) and kokkun (use of kanji to express Japanese words unrelated to the original meaning), which has traditionally been discussed in the field of kanji studies, and the differences between itaiji and erroneous jitai, as well as the issues of polysemous kanji. This article discusses ten kanji found in the JIS X0208 standard which turned up in the course of my research: 堽妛挧暃椢椦槞橸袮閠. These serve as examples of kanji whose jitai were transformed when they were transcribed for coding as part of the JIS character set. My research identifies some cases in which the respective jitai of these kanji, which did not appear in any prevailing kanwa-jiten at that time, happen to appear in several preceding documents having no direct or indirect relation to the original sources on which the JIS X0208 standard was based. The purpose of this study is to show how often a coincidence of jitai emerges. Furthermore, this research examines some causes of the emergence of coincidence by classifying the examples into two types: (1) coincidence: jitai representing the same kanji have been independently transformed and happen to result in identical jitai; (2) clash: two distinct kanji with different meanings eventually develop into the same jitai. As a result, identical jitai are found for all of the ten kanji in this study. It becomes clear that, whereas six coincidences and eight clashes emerge out of the ten cases studied here, four jitai appear to be involved in both phenomena. As coincidence is a phenomenon which repeatedly emerges by analogy in the course of recognition and reproduction of the respective jitai, it shows a particular pattern that occurs in their creation and transformation. That is one of the reasons why people commonly use erroneous jitai, and why some itaiji are established. On the other hand, clashes of jitai can be proved to be inevitable in most cases when kanji are created or mistranscribed. In consequence, the varieties of jitai are revealed to be restricted to some extent

Cutting Forces Analysis in Additive Manufactured AISI H13 Alloy

AbstractCombining Additive Manufacturing (AM) and traditional machining processes is essential to meet components functional requirements. However significant differences arise in machining AM and wrought parts. Previous works highlighted the increasing of tool wear and worse surface finish. In this paper cutting forces are investigated as an indicator of material machinability. Milling cutting force coefficients are identified using mechanistic approach, comparing AISI-H13 wrought and AM specimen. Cutting force behaviour was investigated for two AM technologies: laser deposition (LENS) and wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Results show a general increase of cutting forces and coefficients of both AM materials, suggesting AM parts reduced machinability. Therefore, different cutting parameters should be selected for the AM material to achieve a sustainable production

Gene expression in a canine basilar artery vasospasm model: a genome-wide network-based analysis

To investigate the changes of gene expression on the cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, we used genome-wide microarray for a canine double-hemorrhage model and analyzed the data by using a network-based analysis. Six dogs were assigned to two groups of three animals: control and hemorrhage. The effects were assessed by the changes in gene expressions in the artery 7 days after the first blood injection. Among 23,914 genes, 447 and 66 genes were up-regulated more than two- and fivefold, respectively, and 332 and 25 genes were down-regulated more than two- and fivefold, respectively. According to gene ontology, genes related to cell communication (P = 5.28E-10), host–pathogen interaction (7.65E-8), and defense–immunity protein activity (0.000183) were significantly overrepresented. The top high-level function for the merged network derived from the network-based analysis was cell signaling, revealing that the subgroup that regulates the quantity of Ca2+ to have the strongest association significance (P = 4.75E-16). Canine microarray analysis followed by gene ontology profiling and connectivity analysis identified several functional groups and individual genes responding to cerebral vasospasm. Ca2+ regulation may play a key role in these gene expression changes and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Putative Nuclear Protein, SR-25

We cloned a full-length mouse cDNA and its human homologue encoding a novel protein designated as “SR-25.” In Northern blot analysis, SR-25 mRNA was expressed in all organs tested, and relatively abundant in testis and thymus. Deduced amino acid sequences of mouse SR-25 and human SR-25 showed 77.7% identity. SR-25 has a serine-arginine repeat (SR repeat) and two types of amino acid clusters: a serine cluster and a highly basic cluster. Based on the presence of many nuclear localizing signals and a similarity to RNA splicing proteins, SR-25 is strongly suggested to be a nuclear protein and may contribute to RNA splicing

異体字に対するなじみと好み : 接触印象・使用頻度との関係

国立国語研究所国立国語研究所The National Language Research Institute｜The National Language Research Institute漢字に異体字がある場合,その一方に対して,人間はなじみを感じたり,使用したいと思うことがある。好みを発生させる主な原因は,ある字体に対してなじみを感じることにあると考えられる。そのなじみを形成する要因は,接触印象であり,さらにそれは接触頻度によって主に生み出されたものと考えられる。接触頻度は,社会における各メディアで使用される漢字の出現頻度と深く関連するものである。個々の例から明らかとなったこの現象を踏まえて,今後さらになじみと好みに関する調査結果を位置づけていかなくてはならない。When variant forms exist for a single kanji, people tend feel a greater familiarity with one of these forms, which often leads to a preference to use the more familiar form. The familiarity felt towards a particular variant is the result of the impression from seeing that form, and is especially influenced by the frequency with which a person is exposed to that form. The frequency of individuals\u27 exposure to variant forms is of course related to the frequency with which these forms appear in various media. We demonstrate these relationships based on a number of test cases, and point out the need for further research in this area