Poecilimon zonatus bolívar (orthoptera, tettigoniidae) revisited: Genetic data revealed two new species and one new subspecies

Poecilimon Fischer (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) is the most species-rich genus of the respective order and family in Anatolia. However, intrageneric diversity still needs to be documented. Poecilimon zonatus Bolívar is a species with a relatively wide range of distribution in Anatolia compared to other congeners. The present study aims to examine the diversity of P. zonatus using an integrated approach. The diversity of the species was documented using data based on DNA sequences, male calling song and morphology. Automatic species delimitation tests applied to genetic data revealed a cryptic diversity in P. zonatus complex and suggested two new species and one new subspecies. The song data supported the new species, but morphology remained less productive in this respect. The new taxa defined in the light of the obtained data are; Poecilimon isozonatus sp. n., Poecilimon ciplaki sp. n. as Poecilimon ciplaki ciplaki subsp. n. and Poecilimon ciplaki denizliensis subsp. n. These taxa together with P. zonatus were considered a species complex within P. zonatus group. The phylogenetic tree produced from nad2 gene sequences supported the following relationships of P. tauricola + (P. ciplaki + (P. zonatus +P. isozonatus)) relationship.Poecilimon Fischer (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae), dahil olduğu takım ve familyanın Anadolu’da tür sayısı en fazla olan cinstir. Ancak cins içi çeşitlilik halen ortaya konmayı beklemektedir. Cinsin diğer türleri ile karşılaştırıldığında Poecilimon zonatus Bolívar Anadolu’da nispeten geniş yayılışa sahip bir türdür. Bu çalışma entegre bir yaklaşımla türün çeşitliliğini saptamayı amaçlamaktadır. DNA dizileri, erkek çağrı sesi ve morfolojiden üretilen verilerle P. zonatus türünün çeşitliliği tanımlanmıştır. Genetik verilere uygulanan otomatik tür sınırları testleri P. zonatus’un kriptik bir çeşitlilik içerdiğini ve iki yeni tür ile bir yeni alttürün varlığına işaret etmiştir. Erkek çağrı sesi verileri yeni türleri desteklemiştir. Ancak, bu açıdan morfoloji daha az kullanışlı olmuştur. Elde edilen bu veriler ışığında tanımlanan yeni taksonlar şunlardır; Poecilimon isozonatus sp. n. Poecilimon ciplaki sp. n. ve Poecilimon ciplaki ciplaki subsp. n. ve Poecilimon ciplaki denizliensis subsp. n. Bu yeni taksonlar P. zonatus ile birlikte P. zonatus kompleksi olarak tanımlanmış ve bu kompleksin P. zonatus tür grubu içinde yer aldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. nad2 gen dizilerinden üretilen filogenetik ağaç P. tauricola + (P. ciplaki + (P. zonatus +P. isozonatus)) akrabalık ilişkisini desteklemiştir

Problems and Solution Proposals for SMEs in Turkey

The purpose of this project is to present the problems the SMEs' encounter during providing management and financial requirements, probe how they can solve mentioned problems with as less help as possible within their own organization and offer the employer solutions in micro dimensions. While the SMEs' definitions will be located in the second part, the third part will include the weighting of their advantages and disadvantages. In addition to that, the fourth part will introduce suggestions to solve the problems in question that the SMEs come across. Rounding off, part five will discuss the selection of financial instruments during the stage of providing financial requirements for the SMEs, the mistakes done during their application and offer further solution offers for mentioned problems

Aspects of Optimal Capital Structure and Default Risk

In this thesis, we have dealt with two modeling approaches of the credit risk, namely the structural (firm value) and the reduced form. In the former one, the firm value is modeled by a stochastic process and the first hitting time of this stochastic process to a given boundary defines the default time of the firm. In the existing literature, the stochastic process, triggering the firm value, has been generally chosen as a diffusion process. Therefore, on one hand it is possible to obtain closed form solutions for the pricing problems of credit derivatives and on the other hand the optimal capital structure of a firm can be analysed by obtaining closed form solutions of firm's corporate securities such as; equity value, debt value and total firm value, see Leland(1994). We have extended this approach by modeling the firm value as a jump-diffusion process. The choice of the jump-diffusion process was a crucial step to obtain closed form solutions for corporate securities. As a result, we have chosen a jump-diffusion process with double exponentially distributed jump heights, which enabled us to analyse the effects of jump on the optimal capital structure of a firm. In the second part of the thesis, by following the reduced form models, we have assumed that the default is triggered by the first jump of a Cox process. Further, by following Schönbucher(2005), we have modeled the forward default intensity of a firm as a geometric Brownian motion and derived pricing formulas for credit default swap options in a more general setup than the ones in Schönbucher(2005)

Challenges and lessons learned in mental health research among refugees: a community-based study in Turkey

Background Turkey hosts nearly four million refugees and 99% live in urban areas. Research in urban settings pose different challenges and opportunities than research in refugee camps. In this article, we aimed to share the challenges and experiences we encountered in a mixed-methods study to assess mental health problems and barriers to accessing mental health care among refugees in urban areas of Turkey. Discussion In our case, the main challenges in conducting research with refugees were collecting data from a highly traumatized population, difficulties with contacting undocumented asylum seekers including trust issues and the fear of deportation, the risk of secondary traumatization among data collectors, and the bureaucracy during study approval processes. Targeting a representative sample was not feasible, because of the lack of publicly available demographic data on a district level, presence of undocumented asylum seekers and high mobility among the refugees. Although respondents with significant psychological symptoms were routinely referred to available mental health services, we were able to do less for unregistered refugees with problems in accessing health care. Language/alphabet differences and differing dialects of Arabic posed another challenge in both translation and administration of the scales. Based on cultural characteristics, a gender-balanced team was used and the interviewers were gender-matched whenever needed. Also, the research team had to work after work hours and during weekends to be able to interview male refugees, since most refugee men were at work during working hours and most days of the week. Conclusions The research team’s experience showed that refugee population characteristics including level of trauma, language, culture, gender, legal status, and urban setting characteristics including places of living, mobility, availability of publicly available demographic data, and outreach-related barriers lead to different challenges and ethical responsibilities of researchers and affect the research costs in terms of time, human resources and finance. Even in a host country with geographical, religious and cultural proximity to the refugees, profound challenges exist in conducting mental health research in urban settings. Learning from previous experience and collaborating with local researchers and institutions are vital for better public health research and practice outcomes

Synergistic cooperation and crosstalk betweenMYD88L265Pand mutations that dysregulate CD79B and surface IgM

CD79B andMYD88mutations are frequently and simultaneously detected in B cell malignancies. It is not known if these mutations cooperate or how crosstalk occurs. Here we analyze the consequences ofCD79BandMYD88L265Pmutations individually and combined in normal activated mouse B lymphocytes.CD79Bmutations alone increased surface IgM but did not enhance B cell survival, proliferation, or altered NF-κB responsive markers. Conversely, B cells expressingMYD88L265Pdecreased surface IgM coupled with accumulation of endoglycosidase H-sensitive IgM intracellularly, resembling the trafficking block in anergic B cells repeatedly stimulated by self-antigen. Mutation or overexpression of CD79B counteracted the effect ofMYD88L265PIn B cells chronically stimulated by self-antigen,CD79BandMYD88L265Pmutations in combination, but not individually, blocked peripheral deletion and triggered differentiation into autoantibody secreting plasmablasts. These results reveal that CD79B and surface IgM constitute a rate-limiting checkpoint against B cell dysregulation byMYD88L265Pand provide an explanation for the co-occurrence ofMYD88andCD79Bmutations in lymphomas

Geographic Genetic Structure of Alectoris chukar in Türkiye: Post-LGM-Induced Hybridization and Human-Mediated Contaminations

Türkiye is considered an important evolutionary area for Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), since it is both a potential ancestral area and a diversification center for the species. Using 2 mitochondrial (Cty-b and D-loop) and 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers, we investigated the geographic genetic structure of A. chukar populations to determine how past climatic fluctuations and human activities have shaped the gene pool of this species in Türkiye. Our results indicate, firstly, that only A. chukar of the genus Alectoris is present in Türkiye (Anatolia and Thrace), with no natural or artificial gene flow from congenerics. Secondly, the geographic genetic structure of the species in Türkiye has been shaped by topographic heterogeneity, Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, and artificial transport by humans. Third, there appears to be three genetic clusters: Thracian, Eastern, and Western. Fourth, the post-LGM demographic expansion of the Eastern and Western populations has formed a hybrid zone in Central Anatolia (~8 kyBP). Fifth, the rate of China clade-B contamination in Türkiye is about 8% in mtDNA and about 12% in nuDNA, with the Southeastern Anatolian population having the highest contamination. Sixth, the Thracian population was the most genetically distinct, with the lowest genetic diversity and highest level of inbreeding and no China clad-B contamination. These results can contribute to the conservation regarding A. chukar populations, especially the Thracian population

Structural and catalytic investigations on vanadium oxide nanoparticles supported on silica films grown on a Mo(112) substrate

Die breite Anwendung von Modellsystemen, um heterogene katalytische Prozesse zu verstehen, basiert darauf, die Lücke der strukturellen Komplexität zu überbrücken zwischen heutigen technischen Katalysatoren, bestehend aus einem Metalloxid sowie einem darauf geträgerten Metall, sowie kristallinen Metallen und planaren Metall/Oxid-Systemen, welche dazu benutzt werden, Struktur-Reaktivitäts-Beziehungen mittels einer Fülle von Surface Science-Methoden zu untersuchen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf so genannten Vanadiumoxid-‚Monolagen’-Katalysatoren, die insbesondere für Oxidationsreaktionen von Methanol eingeführt wurden. Mittels eines ‚bottom-up’-Ansatzes wurden Silica-geträgerte Vanadiumoxid-Modellkatalysatoren untersucht. Durch Kombination einer Reihe experimenteller Techniken wurde die Oberfläche von Mo(112), die als Substrat für den Silica-Film diente, im Detail untersucht und die atomare Struktur des Silica-Films wurde ermittelt. Adsorption von Wasser und das Wachstum von Vanadiumoxid-Nanopartikeln auf dem Silica-Film und schließlich die Reaktivität von Vanadiumoxid/Silica-Systemen gegenüber Methanol wurden untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu früher vorgeschlagenen Modellen sollte eine Sauerstoff-induzierte p(2×3)-Überstruktur, die sich auf einer Mo(112)-Oberfläche ausbilded, angenommen werden als ein eindimensionales Oberflächenoxid, bei dem sich Mo=O-Gruppen bevorzugt entlang der [-1-11]-Richtung der Mo(112)-Oberfläche ausbilden. Monolagen-Silica-Filme, die auf Mo(112) gewachsen wurden, bestehen aus einem zweidimensionalen Netz von SiO4-Tetraedern. In Abhängigkeit der Bedingungen, unter denen der Film präpariert wurde, kann die Struktur durch zusätzlich auf dem Mo-Substrat adsorbierte Sauerstoff-Atome verändert werden. Die Defekt-Struktur schließt Antiphasen-Domänengrenzen ein, die durch eine Verschiebung um die halbe Gitterkonstante entlang der [-110]-Richtung gebildet werden, und eine geringe Dichte von Punkt-Defekten, die höchstwahrscheinlich Silizium-Fehlstellen darstellen. Wasser dissoziiert nicht auf dem Monolagen-Silica-Film. Eine Wasser-Struktur, die geordnet bezüglich des Silica-Films ist, wurde bei 140 K beobachtet, was der guten Übereinstimmung der Gitterkonstanten von Silica-Film und hexagonalem Eis geschuldet ist. Amorphe Lagen festen Wassers, die die Oberfläche bei 100 K homogen bedecken, wurden als reaktive Lagen für Vanadiumoxid-Partikel benutzt, um die ‚Nasschemie’ nachzubilden, wie sie in der Präparation technischer Katalysatoren zum Einsatz kommt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Eis-Lagen die Bildung von hydratisierten Vanadiumoxid-Nanopartikeln, welche teilweise von V=O und V-OH-Gruppen terminiert werden, begünstigen. Die Dehydratisierung geschieht oberhalb 500 K, wobei eine V-terminierte Oberfläche entsteht. Methanol dissoziiert auf dehydratisierten Vanadiumoxid-Partikeln, und Methoxy-Spezies sind auf der Oberfläche stabil bis 500 K, allerdings nur in der Gegenwart von V-Plätzen. Die Produktion von Formaldehyd, die bei etwa 550 K stattfindet, ist stark abhängig von der Struktur der Oberfläche der Vanadiumoxid-Partikel und weist ein Maximum bei einem spezifischen Verhältnis zwischen V- und V=O-Oberflächenplätzen auf. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse könnten unser Verständnis von katalytischen Reaktionen auf molekularer Ebene bedeutend vorantreiben.The widespread use of model systems for understanding the heterogeneous catalytic processes is based on bridging the structural complexity gap between present generation of supported metal and metal oxide technical catalysts and crystalline metal and planar metal/oxide systems, which are utilized to investigate structure-reactivity relationships by a large variety of surface science techniques. In this thesis, we focused on a concept of so-called ''monolayer'' vanadium oxide catalysts, which have been introduced particularly for methanol oxidation reactions. Following a bottom-up approach, silica supported vanadium oxide model catalysts were investigated. Combining a number of experimental techniques, the surface of Mo(112) used as a substrate for the silica films was characterized in detail and the atomic structure of the silica film was determined. Adsorption of water and growth of vanadium oxide nanoparticles on the silica films, and finally the reactivity of vanadium oxide/silica systems towards methanol were studied. In contrast to the previously suggested models, an oxygen induced p(2×3) superstructure formed on a Mo(112) surface should be considered as one dimensional surface oxide where Mo=O groups are formed preferentially along the [-1-11] direction of the Mo(112) surface. Monolayer silica films grown on Mo(112) surfaces are composed of two-dimensional network of SiO4 tetrahedra. Depending on the film preparation conditions, the structure can be altered by additional oxygen atoms adsorbed on the Mo substrate. The defect structure includes antiphase domain boundaries which form by a half-lattice shift along the [-110] direction and a low density of point defects, most probably silicon vacancies. Water does not dissociate on the monolayer silica film. An ordered structure of water with respect to silica film was observed at 140 K owing to good lattice matching between the silica film and hexagonal ice. Amorphous solid water layers homogenously covering the surface at 100 K were used as reactive layers for vanadium oxide particles in order to mimic ''wet chemistry'' used in preparation of technical catalysts. The results revealed that ice layer assisted the formation of hydrated vanadium oxide nanoparticles partially terminated by V=O and V-OH groups. The dehydration takes place above 500 K, thus exposing V-terminated surface. Methanol dissociates on dehydrated vanadium oxide particles and methoxy species are stable on the surface up to 500 K only in the presence of vanadium terminated surface sites. Formaldehyde production which takes place at ~550 K is strongly affected by the surface structure of the vanadium oxide particles and exhibits a maximum at specific ratio between V- and V=O sites on the surface. The results presented may have a strong impact on our understanding of the catalytic reactions at the molecular level