The Effects of Freeze-Drying on the Strength Characteristics of Naturally Aged Book Papers

Libraries occasionally have water main breaks, fires and floods. These disasters cause considerable water damage to thousands of books. Books that are left wet on the shelves will grow mold. Books that are quickly frozen and eventually freeze-dried can be restored to the shelf in good condition. Several libraries have used freeze-drying for this purpose and have had great success. Freeze-drying is a process used to remove frozen liquid from a substance. The moist material is frozen and put in a vacuum. A high vacuum with some heat introduced will cause the frozen liquid to sublime. A dry-porous structure is left behind. There has been no test data found considering the effects of freeze-drying on the strength of papers. The purpose of this report is to examine this process. Eleven books up to 173 years old were wetted and freeze-dried. Some cockling of papers were observed. Strength properties of fold, tensile and zero span tensile essentially remained unchanged. Freeze-drying, in respect to the relatively small number of samples tested, does not have any detrimental effect on the strength of paper. Freeze-drying is recommended for restoration of water damaged books

Safeguarding Democracy in Europe: A Bulwark Against Hungary’s Subversion of Civil Society

Spurred in large part by a mounting humanitarian crisis in Syria, the 2015 migrant crisis exposed deeply rooted fractures within the European Union regarding refugee resettlement. While the European Union worked to develop a synchronized response to the influx of refugees and asylees, Hungary defiantly sought to close its borders. In doing so, the Hungarian government targeted not only those seeking refuge, but its own civil society. In a series of opaque and overtly punitive legislative acts passed in the summer of 2018, Hungary criminalized any civil society activities that facilitate or assist with immigration. This Note will analyze the legality of Hungary’s new laws under the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. It will then proceed to discuss available avenues of redress for Hungary’s civil society organizations within the institutional frameworks of the European Union and the Council of Europe

David Versus Goliath: A Law School Debate About Bush v. Gore

For the first time in America’s history, the Supreme Court has, in effect, selected the President of the United States. The case was analogous to a claim that a jury verdict was tainted. The Court, in this instance, knew who would win if the verdict was permitted to stand, and who was likely to win if the jury was permitted to continue its deliberations. It was this knowledge that made the decision so sensitive and challenged the integrity and the role of the Court so profoundly

Has Affirmative Action Been Negated? A Closer Look at Public Employment

First, this Article argues that affirmative action is right and necessary in certain circumstances. Second, it examines whether affirmative action has survived under current case law. Part II.A reviews the Supreme Court decisions that define the test of strict scrutiny in the public employment context. Part II.B discusses the current focus of the Court\u27s debate on affirmative action. Part III looks at how strict scrutiny analysis and the Supreme Court\u27s precedents are being applied by the lower federal courts. Part IV concludes that more guidance is needed from the Supreme Court on the first prong of the strict scrutiny analysis as to when a compelling government interest exists. Last, this Article suggests that the Supreme Court firmly establish an inferential standard for proving past discrimination by a public employer sufficient to warrant current affirmative action

Эффективность инвестирования в машиностроение: особенности и риски

В статье освещено исследование ключевых факторов эффективного инвестирования в машиностроении. Для повышения эффективности участников инвестиционных проектов предложено использовать инжиниринговую модель в составе ЕРС (М)-контракта

Safeguarding Democracy in Europe: A Bulwark Against Hungary’s Subversion of Civil Society

Spurred in large part by a mounting humanitarian crisis in Syria, the 2015 migrant crisis exposed deeply rooted fractures within the European Union regarding refugee resettlement. While the European Union worked to develop a synchronized response to the influx of refugees and asylees, Hungary defiantly sought to close its borders. In doing so, the Hungarian government targeted not only those seeking refuge, but its own civil society. In a series of opaque and overtly punitive legislative acts passed in the summer of 2018, Hungary criminalized any civil society activities that facilitate or assist with immigration. This Note will analyze the legality of Hungary’s new laws under the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. It will then proceed to discuss available avenues of redress for Hungary’s civil society organizations within the institutional frameworks of the European Union and the Council of Europe