Estructura de las comunidades microbianas ruminales de ovejas alimentadas con diferentes dietas = Structure of ruminal microbial communities of sheep fed different diets

224 p.Se diseñaron varios experimentos con el fin de monitorizar las poblaciones microbianas en el rumen de ovejas a lo largo del periodo posprandial. El objetivo del primero fue analizar la diversidad bacteriana en pellets de bacterias aislados de las fases sólida (SAB) y líquida (LAB) de la digesta ruminal. Se utilizaron 4 dietas con proporciones forraje:concentrado 70:30 (HF) o 30:70 (HC) y con heno de alfalfa o heno de gramíneas como forraj

Conscientious objection in the legal-sanitary field

El presente trabajo de fin de máster tiene como finalidad principal la elaboración de un análisis acerca de la objeción de conciencia como derecho. El enfoque del trabajo parte de una perspectiva jurídica-positiva, centrada en legislación y jurisprudencia, sin desdeñar el juicio crítico personal cuando ha resultado oportuno, pues las posturas de legisladores y jueces generan una situación de controversia y discrepancia, lo que facilita la aportación de un juicio propio. Este análisis parte de la antigüedad, haciendo especial hincapié en los primeros objetores y la objeción de conciencia al servicio militar, ambos extremos en calidad de apunte histórico. Más adelante, el presente estudio se centra en aspectos de rigurosa actualidad, como es el derecho a la objeción de conciencia en el ámbito sanitario, siendo este tema el principal fin del trabajo.The aim of this Master´s Degree Thesis is to elaborate an analysis of the conscientious objection as a right. This thesis comes from a legal perspective, however, it also has a personal opinión. As the position of the case law creates a controversy situation, it is very easy to take a stand for or against. This analysis starsts from the antiquity, highlithing the first objecting and the conscientious objection for the military service, as an historical note. Later on, this thesis will focus on stricts news, as the conscientious objection in the sanitary field, being the main topic of the thesis.Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155

Feminismos: teoría y práctica. Genealogía de una discordia

Today, discord between feminist activism and academic feminism is evident. However it reproduced a pattern that is in the basis of Western metaphysics and yet continues unquestioned. We want here problematize the dispute between theory and praxis within feminism, and we will deepen the understanding of it, doing its genealogy, after which we will be able to assess its scope and consider its usefulness or not for feminisms.Prolifera hoy en día la discordia entre los movimientos feministas activistas de la calle y los discursos del feminismo académico. Se reproduce así un patrón que está en la base de la metafísica occidental y que sin embargo continúa incuestionado. Queremos aquí problematizar la disputa entre la teoría y la práctica en el seno del feminismo, para ello ahondaremos en la comprensión de la misma a partir de su genealogía, después de lo cual estaremos en disposición de evaluar su alcance y considerar su utilidad para los feminismos

Betaine increases net portal absorption of volatile fatty acids in Iberian pigs

[EN] Betaine is an osmolyte with the potential to increase volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and hence improve intestinal health.The present study investigated how betaine affects portal and arterial concentrations and net portal absorption (NPA) of VFA in growing Iberian pigs. Eight 30 kg BW Iberian growing barrows with indwelling catheters in portal vein, ileal vein and carotid artery were randomly assigned to a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.5% betaine. Para-aminohippuric acid was infused into the ileal vein as a marker to determine portal blood flow using the dilution method. Blood samples were simultaneously taken from the carotid artery and portal vein at −60, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after feeding 1 200 g of the diet. The NPA of VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate and caproate) was determined by multiplying the porto-arterial plasma concentration differences by portal plasma flow. Betaine increased NPA of acetate (1.44 fold; P < 0.001) and total VFA (0.55 fold; P < 0.001) while decreased NPA of propionate (−0.38 fold; P < 0.05) and valerate (−1.46 fold; P < 0.05) compared with control pigs. Estimated heat production potentially derived from NPA of VFA accounted for 0.20–0.27 of metabolizable energy for maintenance. Acetate and propionate accounted for most of the total VFA estimated heat production (0.83–0.89). Regarding bacterial communities, betaine apparently did not change the DNA abundance of fecal total bacteria, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides and the Clostridium clusters I, IV and XIV. In conclusion, betaine increased portal appearance and NPA of VFA, contributing to cover maintenance energy requirementsSIThis research was supported by grant AGL2016-80231-R from Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain. M. Gómez-García was supported by grant LE131-18 from Junta de Castilla y León co-financed by the European Social Fun

Analysis of microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters fed diets of variable composition

Trabajo presentado al : Joint Annual Meeting. ADSA-ASAS. Orlando Florida (USA), julio, 2015. T485Fermenters are widely used to study ruminal fermentation, but infonnation on microbial populations developing in fermenters over the incubation period is limited. Four Rusitec fermenters were fed 2 diets representative of those administered to dairy sheep (DAI; 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate) and fattening lambs (FAT; 15:85 barley straw:concentrate) in a crossover design with 2 14-d incubation periods to assess the evolution of the microbial populations. There were 4 fermenters per diet. The fermenters received daily 30 g of diet DM and samples from liquid (LIQ) and solid (SOL) digesta were taken on d 3, 8 and 14, and stored frozen at-80ªC until DNA extraction. Concentrations ofbacterial and protozoal DNA and relative abundance offungi and methanogenic archaea to total bacteria! DNA concentration were detennined by real time PCR using previously validated primers and DNA from bacteria and protozoa isolated from sheep rumen as standards. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with repeated measnres using the PROC MlXED of SAS. The model included diet, incubation nm, time, and diet x tin1e as fixed effects, and fermenter as a random effect. Diet x sampling time interactions (P > 0.05) were detected for bacteria! and protozoal DNA concentrations in both digesta phases. The bacteria! DNA concentrations in SOL did not change (P = 0.002) over the incubation period, whereas concentrations in LIQ increased (P < 0.001) by 1.5 and 1.8 times for DAI and FAT diets by the end ofthe incubation, respectively. Protozoal DNA concentrations on d 14 were 37.8 and 8.0 times lower (P < 0.001; means across diets) than those on d 3 for SOL and LIQ phases, respectively. Relative abundance offungi decreased (P < 0.05) with time in both phases, and that ofmethanogenic archaea remain unchanged in LIQ and increased (P = 0.021) in SOL. Concentration of bacteria! and protozoal DNA and the relative abundance of methanogenic archaea were greater in the fermenters fed the DAI diet (P < 0.05) compared with FAT diet. The results show that microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters are affected by the incubated diet and change over the incubation periodPeer reviewe

The Effect of Supplementation with Betaine and Zinc on In Vitro Large Intestinal Fermentation in Iberian Pigs under Heat Stress

[EN] We investigated the effects of betaine and zinc on the in vitro fermentation of pigs under heat stress (HS). Twenty-four Iberian pigs (43.4 ± 1.2 kg) under HS (30 °C) were assigned to treatments for 4 weeks: control (unsupplemented), betaine (5 g/kg), and zinc (0.120 g/kg) supplemented diet. Rectal content was used as the inoculum in 24-hincubations with pure substrates (starch, pectin, inulin, cellulose). Total gas, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and methane production and ammonia concentration were measured. The abundance of total bacteria and several bacterial groups was assessed. Betaine increased the acetate production with pectin and inulin, butyrate production with starch and inulin, and ammonia concentration, and decreased propionate production with pectin and inulin. The abundance of Bifidobacterium and two groups of Clostridium decreased with betaine supplementation. Zinc decreased the production of SCFA and gas with starch and inulin, associated with diminished bacterial activity. Propionate production decreased with starch, pectin, and inulin while butyrate production increased with inulin, and isoacid production increased with cellulose and inulin in pigs supplemented with zinc. The ammonia concentration increased for all substrates. The Clostridium cluster XIV abundance decreased in pigs fed zinc supplemented diets. The results reported were dependent on the substrate fermented, but the augmented butyrate production with both betaine and zinc could be of benefit for the hostSIThis research was funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. grant AGL 2016-80231. Zaira Pardo received a scholarship FPI from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, reference BES-2017-081448

Conventional Feed-Grade or Slow-Release Coated Urea as Sources of Dietary Nitrogen for Fattening Lambs

[EN]Twenty-two Assaf male lambs (29.2 ± 0.9 kg live weight and 89 ± 0.2 days of age), distributed in two experimental groups, were used to evaluate the use of either feed-grade conventional urea (Control diet; n = 11) or slow-release urea (SRU diet; n = 11) as sources of dietary nitrogen on animal performance, ruminal fermentation, blood acid-base status, plasmatic metabolic profile, and carcass and meat quality. Animals were housed individually and fed ad libitum. At the end of the fattening period (day 70), the animals were slaughtered to compare the fermentation patterns in ruminal digesta and to evaluate the carcass and meat characteristics. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between treatments in the dry matter intake, final live weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion rate. Regarding the ruminal fermentation parameters, the molar proportion of propionic acid was higher (p 0.05) between experimental treatments in the blood acid-base status and biochemical profile, except for the concentration of urea in plasma, which was significantly (p 0.05) in the carcass and meat characteristics. In conclusion, the use of slow-release urea as a replacement for feed-grade conventional urea in the diet of Assaf fattening lambs, under the experimental conditions of this study, did not improve animal performance and increased the feeding costs.SIThis research was funded by JUNTA DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, project CSI042 P17. Cristina Saro acknowledges the receipt of a postdoctoral contract funded by the EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND

Effectiveness of Interventions to Modulate the Rumen Microbiota Composition and Function in Pre-ruminant and Ruminant Lambs

Modulating the assembly of the ruminal microbiota might have practical implications in production. We tested how an early-life dietary intervention in lambs influences the diversity and function of the ruminal microbiota during and after the intervention. Microbiota resilience during a repeated dietary intervention was also tested. The treatment, aiming to mitigate enteric methane emissions, combined garlic essential oil and linseed oil. Fifty-six lambs and their dams were allocated to two groups and treatment (T1) or placebo (C1) was drenched from birth until 10 weeks of life. Lambs were weaned at 8 weeks. From 16 to 20 weeks, lambs in each group were divided in two subgroups that received (T1–T2 and C1–T2) or not (T1–C2 and C1–C2) the same treatment. Measurements were done at 8, 14, and 20 weeks. Average daily gain was similar between groups. Methane production was reduced by treatment at 8 and 20 weeks but at 14 weeks it was similar between C1 and T1. Interestingly, early-life treated lambs displayed a numerical increase (P = 0.12) in methane emissions at 20 weeks compared with non-treated lambs. Concentration of VFA was not affected by the intervention at 8 or 14 weeks but a lower concentration was observed in T2 lambs compared with C2 at week 20. Metataxonomics (rRNA gene) revealed differences in archaeal communities between groups of lambs when treatment was applied (weeks 8 and 20); whereas, in accord with methane emissions, these differences disappeared when treatment was discontinued (week 14). Protozoal community structure was not affected by treatment. In contrast, bacterial community structure differed between treated and non-treated lambs during and after the intervention. Rumen and urine LC-MS and NMR metabolomics at week 20 separated C2 from T2 lambs and correlation analysis highlighted interactions between microbes and metabolites, notably that of methylated compounds and Methanomassiliicocceae methanogens. This study demonstrates that a long-term early-life intervention induced modifications in the composition of the rumen bacterial community that persisted after the intervention ceased with little or no effect on archaeal and protozoal communities. However, there was no persistency of the early-life intervention on methanogenesis indicating resilience for this function