INVESTIGATIONS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS EFFECTS AND THEIR MECHANISMS IN RAT BRAIN AFTER SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF CERIA ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS

Advancing applications of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in various fields create the opportunity for intended (e.g. drug and gene delivery) or unintended (e.g. occupational and environmental) exposure to ENM. However, the knowledge of ENM-toxicity is lagging behind their application development. Understanding the ENM hazard can help us to avoid potential human health problems associated with ENM applications as well as to increase their public acceptance. Ceria (cerium [Ce] oxide) ENM have many current and potential commercial applications. Beyond the traditional use of ceria as an abrasive, the scope of ceria ENM applications now extends into fuel cell manufacturing, diesel fuel additives and for therapeutic intervention as a putative antioxidant. However, the biological effects of ceria ENM exposure have yet to be fully defined. Both pro-and anti-oxidative effects of ceria ENM exposure are repeatedly reported in literature. EPA, NIEHS and OECD organizations have nominated ceria for its toxicological evaluation. All these together gave us the impetus to examine the oxidative stress effects of ceria ENM after systemic administration. Induction of oxidative stress is one of the primary mechanisms of ENM toxicity. Oxidative stress plays an important role in maintaining the redox homeostasis in the biological system. Increased oxidative stress, due to depletion of antioxidant enzymes or molecules and / or due to increased production of reactive oxygen (ROS) or nitrogen (RNS) species may lead to protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and/or DNA damage. Increased protein oxidation or lipid peroxidation together with antioxidant protein levels and activity can serve as markers of oxidative stress. To investigate the oxidative stress effects and the mechanisms of ceria-ENM toxicity, fully characterized ceria ENM of different sizes (~ 5nm, 15nm, 30nm, 55nm and nanorods) were systematically injected into rats intravenously in separate experiments. Three brain regions (hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum) were harvested from control and ceria treated rats after various exposure periods for oxidative stress assessment. The levels of oxidative stress markers viz. protein carbonyl (PC), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), and protein bound 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) were evaluated for each treatment in each control and treated rat organ. Further, the levels and activities of antioxidant proteins, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), super oxide dismutase (SOD), were measured together with levels of heat shock proteins heme oxygenase -1 and 70 (HO-1 and Hsp-70). In addition, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, pro-caspase-3, and autophagy marker LC-3A/B were measured by Western blot technique. In agreement with the literature-proposed model of oxidative stress hierarchy mechanism of ENM-toxicity, the statistical analysis of all the results revealed that the ceria ENM-induced oxidative stress mediated biological response strongly depends on the exposure period and to some extent on the size of ceria ENM. More specifically, a single intravenous injection of ceria ENM induced tier-1 (phase-II antioxidant) response after shorter exposure periods (1 h and 20 h) in rat brain. Upon failure of tier-1 response after longer exposure periods (1 d to 30 d), escalated oxidative stress consequently induced tier-2 and tier-3 oxidative stress responses. Based on our observations made at chronic exposure period (90 d) after the single i.v. injection of ceria ENM, we could extend the model of oxidative stress hierarchy mechanisms for ceria-ENM-induced toxicity. Considering the evaluation of all the oxidative stress indices measured in 3-brain regions, oxidative stress effects were more prominent in hippocampus and the least in cerebellum, but no specific pattern or any significant difference was deduced

Sejarah Perkembangan Tari Zapin Desa Meskom Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis

The area is located in the traffic lane Riau International trade, facilitating contacts with various ethnic cultures. So ongoing cultural values espoused mainly dance Zapin society. This situation began to gradually causes the loss of symbols and the intrinsic meaning contained in Zapin dance. he purpose of this research is to know the background of the existence of Zapin dance Village Meskom Bengkalis District of Bengkalis, To know the meaning of Clothing used in the Dance Village Zapin Meskom Bengkalis District of Bengkalis, To know the meaning of the Movement in Dance Zapin Bengkalis District Subdistrict Village Meskom Bengkalis, To know Zapin Tari development Meskom Rural District of Bengkalis . The method used is the method Historically, data were collected through observation, interviews, kepustaka studies and documentation. In analyzing the data using qualitative descriptive. When the study began in the submission title until the completion of a revised proposal last essay writer. Results from this study indicate that the Zapin dance comes from the Arabic and then disseminated disiak and finally in Bengkalis Meskom village. Zapin dance Meskom has been progressing in accordance with people\u27s daily life Meskom. However, fixed in accordance with the rules and norms of customary resam Malay culture itself. Plus Zapin Tari was formerly intended for the symbols of Da\u27wa, cheerfully invites also behave politely to anyone this is shown in every meaning of the Zapin dance movement itself

Proses Komunikasi Antara Guru Dengan Peserta Didik Di Elyon International Christian School Dengan Menggunakan Second Language

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjelaskan proses komunikasi di Elyon International Christian School di jenjang kindergarten B yang menggunakan second language. Second language di Elyon International Christian School adalah bahasa Inggris dan Mandarin yang menggunakan guru native dan guru lokal dalam proses belajar mengajar. Penulis menggunakan studi kasus sebagai metode penelitian dan menggunakan observasi non-partisipan serta wawancara mendalam dengan informan penelitian sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi informan adalah guru native Amerika, guru native China, dua guru lokal dan murid-murid di kelas KGB1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, proses komunikasi kelas antara guru dengan peserta didik di Elyon International Christian School dengan menggunakan second language. Penelitian ini didasarkan teori komunikasi kelas dari Powell dan Powell dalam classroom communication and diversity (2010) dengan menggunakan model SMCR. Proses komunikasi yang terjadi dipengaruhi oleh komunikator, pesan yang disampaikan, saluran yang digunakan dan komunikannya. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa terdapat komunikasi interpersonal yang terjadi ketika guru menegur murid

The Effect of Mood-Context on Visual Recognition and Recall Memory

Although it is widely known that memory is enhanced when encoding and retrieval occur in the same state, the impact of elevated stress/arousal is less understood. This study explores mood-dependent memory's effects on visual recognition and recall of material memorized either in a neutral mood or under higher stress/arousal levels. Participants’ (N = 60) recognition and recall were assessed while they experienced either the same or a mismatched mood at retrieval. The results suggested that both visual recognition and recall memory were higher when participants experienced the same mood at encoding and retrieval compared with those who experienced a mismatch in mood context between encoding and retrieval. These findings offer support for a mood dependency effect on both the recognition and recall of visual information

Genetic relationships between clinical and non-clinical strains of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1A as revealed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and multilocus restriction typing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Genetic relationships among 81 strains of <it>Y. enterocolitica </it>biovar 1A isolated from clinical and non-clinical sources were discerned by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and multilocus restriction typing (MLRT) using six loci each. Such studies may reveal associations between the genotypes of the strains and their sources of isolation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All loci were polymorphic and generated 62 electrophoretic types (ETs) and 12 restriction types (RTs). The mean genetic diversity (<it>H</it>) of the strains by MLEE and MLRT was 0.566 and 0.441 respectively. MLEE (DI = 0.98) was more discriminatory and clustered <it>Y. enterocolitica </it>biovar 1A strains into four groups, while MLRT (DI = 0.77) identified two distinct groups. BURST (Based Upon Related Sequence Types) analysis of the MLRT data suggested aquatic serotype O:6,30-6,31 isolates to be the ancestral strains from which, clinical O:6,30-6,31 strains might have originated by host adaptation and genetic change.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>MLEE revealed greater genetic diversity among strains of <it>Y. enterocolitica </it>biovar 1A and clustered strains in four groups, while MLRT grouped the strains into two groups. BURST analysis of MLRT data nevertheless provided newer insights into the probable evolution of clinical strains from aquatic strains.</p

Nutrient Management for Higher Productivity of Swarna Sub1 Under Flash Floods Areas

Two field experiments were conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara, Nepal during 2012 and 2013 to determine the effect of agronomic management on growth and yield of Swarna Sub1 under flash floods. The first experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications; and four different nutrient combinations at nursery as main plots and three age groups of rice seedlings as sub plots. The second experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated thrice; with three post flood nutrient doses at six and 12 days after de-submergence (dad). The experiments were complete submerged at 10 days after transplanting for 12 days. The survival percentage, at 21 dad, was significantly higher in plots planted with 35 (90.25%) and 40 (91.58%) days-old seedlings compared to 30 days-old seedlings (81.75%). Plots with 35 days-old seedlings produced 5.15 t ha-1 with advantage of 18.83% over 30 days-old seedlings. Plots with 100-50-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha at nursery recorded the highest grain filling of 79.41% and grain yield of 5.068 t/ha with more benefit. Post flood application of 20-20 N-K20kg/ha at 6 dad resulted in higher plant survival and taller plants, leading to significantly higher grain yield of 5.183 t/ha and straw yield of 5.315 t/ha. Hence, 35-40 days old seedlings raised with 100-50-50 kg N-P2O5-K2O /ha in nursery and the additional application of20-20 kg N-K2O /ha at 6 dad improved plant survival and enhanced yield of Swarna Sub1 under flash flood conditions. The practice has prospects of saving crop loss with getting rice yield above national average yield leading to enhanced food security in the flood prone areas of Nepal

Efektivitas Penerimaan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan pada Dinas Pendapatan Daerah (Dipenda) Kota Pekanbaru

Pekanbaru is one of the autonomy area that paid the outcome both of regular andbuilding outcome. This case need biger fund. Doing activity in this area, DIPENDAas organizer of this income area should able increasing potentials of area\u27sincoming and another area optimally including of acceptance Land and BuildingTax. But in fact, for years recently acceptance Land and Building Tax is not reachingthe target. Based on that result, the expert do a research about The effectiveness ofacceptance Land and Building Tax in Pekanbaru . the problem is how Theeffectiveness of acceptance Land and Building Tax at DIPENDA, Pekanbaru andwhat factors are obstruct it. The purpose of this research is to know the effectivenessof acceptance Land and Building Tax at DIPENDA in Pekanbaru and what factorsare obstruct it. This research use qualitative descriptive method with technique ofcollecting data is observation and interviewing is getting from informant that havebeen chosen based on Snowball sampling technique. The result of analyze the datafrom qualitative descriptive method find that acceptance Land and Building Tax atDIPENDA, Pekanbaru is not effective yet, because from reanalyze of taxing dutystill is not effective yet, and also giving claim actively from warning and in giving atarget is not suitable. The reason is lack of realization in society, less of humanresource and less of discipline in giving a claim and double owning tax

Empirical Analysis of Privacy Preservation Models for Cyber Physical Deployments from a Pragmatic Perspective

The difficulty of privacy protection in cyber-physical installations encompasses several sectors and calls for methods like encryption, hashing, secure routing, obfuscation, and data exchange, among others. To create a privacy preservation model for cyber physical deployments, it is advised that data privacy, location privacy, temporal privacy, node privacy, route privacy, and other types of privacy be taken into account. Consideration must also be given to other types of privacy, such as temporal privacy. The computationally challenging process of incorporating these models into any wireless network also affects quality of service (QoS) variables including end-to-end latency, throughput, energy use, and packet delivery ratio. The best privacy models must be used by network designers and should have the least negative influence on these quality-of-service characteristics. The designers used common privacy models for the goal of protecting cyber-physical infrastructure in order to achieve this. The limitations of these installations' interconnection and interface-ability are not taken into account in this. As a result, even while network security has increased, the network's overall quality of service has dropped. The many state-of-the-art methods for preserving privacy in cyber-physical deployments without compromising their performance in terms of quality of service are examined and analyzed in this research. Lowering the likelihood that such circumstances might arise is the aim of this investigation and review. These models are rated according to how much privacy they provide, how long it takes from start to finish to transfer data, how much energy they use, and how fast their networks are. In order to maximize privacy while maintaining a high degree of service performance, the comparison will assist network designers and researchers in selecting the optimal models for their particular deployments. Additionally, the author of this book offers a variety of tactics that, when used together, might improve each reader's performance. This study also provides a range of tried-and-true machine learning approaches that networks may take into account and examine in order to enhance their privacy performance

Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library, Kerala: A Case Study

The Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library, University of Kerala, houses the treasures of ancient knowledge in India. It has come in to existence out of royal interest. The kings of Travancore, as a rule, were valorous as well as lovers of art and literature. Srimulam Thirunal was mainly responsible for the spread of Oriental literature throughout the world. It was he who instituted the department for the publication of manuscripts which in due course grew into the present institution. It is located at Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Its origin goes back to the illustrious Maharaja of Travancore, Swati Tirunal (1829-1846). The institute carries out researches on Indian language manuscripts, major part of which are in Sanskrit. Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library has over 65,000 works mostly of palm leaf manuscripts. Currently the Oriental Institute and Manuscript Library is headed by Dr. R. B. Sreekala, Professor and Head of the Department, Oriental Research Institute and Manuscripts Library, University of Kerala. The paper highlights the techniques used for the conservation and preservation of the rare manuscript collection in Oriental Research & Manuscript Library, Thiruvananthapuram. It further investigates the hardware and software available for digitizing the invaluable collection of manuscripts for the future generation