PR-Set7–dependent lysine methylation ensures genome replication and stability through S phase

PR-Set7/SET8 is a histone H4–lysine 20 methyltransferase required for normal cell proliferation. However, the exact functions of this enzyme remain to be determined. In this study, we show that human PR-Set7 functions during S phase to regulate cellular proliferation. PR-Set7 associates with replication foci and maintains the bulk of H4-K20 mono- and trimethylation. Consistent with a function in chromosome dynamics during S phase, inhibition of PR-Set7 methyltransferase activity by small hairpin RNA causes a replicative stress characterized by alterations in replication fork velocity and origin firing. This stress is accompanied by massive induction of DNA strand breaks followed by a robust DNA damage response. The DNA damage response includes the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and ataxia telangiectasia related kinase–mediated pathways, which, in turn, leads to p53-mediated growth arrest to avoid aberrant chromosome behavior after improper DNA replication. Collectively, these data indicate that PR-Set7–dependent lysine methylation during S phase is an essential posttranslational mechanism that ensures genome replication and stability

PR-SET7 and SUV4-20H regulate H4 lysine-20 methylation at imprinting control regions in the mouse

Imprinted genes are important in development and their allelic expression is mediated by imprinting control regions (ICRs). On their DNA-methylated allele, ICRs are marked by trimethylation at H3 Lys 9 (H3K9me3) and H4 Lys 20 (H4K20me3), similar to pericentric heterochromatin. Here, we investigate which histone methyltransferases control this methylation of histone at ICRs. We found that inactivation of SUV4-20H leads to the loss of H4K20me3 and increased levels of its substrate, H4K20me1. H4K20me1 is controlled by PR-SET7 and is detected on both parental alleles. The disruption of SUV4-20H or PR-SET7 does not affect methylation of DNA at ICRs but influences precipitation of H3K9me3, which is suggestive of a trans-histone change. Unlike at pericentric heterochromatin, however, H3K9me3 at ICRs does not depend on SUV39H. Our data show not only new similarities but also differences between ICRs and heterochromatin, both of which show constitutive maintenance of methylation of DNA in somatic cells

The Transcription Factor E4F1 Coordinates CHK1-Dependent Checkpoint and Mitochondrial Functions

Recent data support the notion that a group of key transcriptional regulators involved in tumorigenesis, including MYC, p53, E2F1, and BMI1, share an intriguing capacity to simultaneously regulate metabolism and cell cycle. Here, we show that another factor, the multifunctional protein E4F1, directly controls genes involved in mitochondria functions and cell-cycle checkpoints, including Chek1, a major component of the DNA damage response. Coordination of these cellular functions by E4F1 appears essential for the survival of p53-deficient transformed cells. Acute inactivation of E4F1 in these cells results in CHK1-dependent checkpoint deficiency and multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions that lead to increased ROS production, energy stress, and inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. This deadly cocktail leads to the accumulation of uncompensated oxidative damage to proteins and extensive DNA damage, ending in cell death. This supports the rationale of therapeutic strategies simultaneously targeting mitochondria and CHK1 for selective killing of p53-deficient cancer cells

E4F1 deficiency results in oxidative stress–mediated cell death of leukemic cells

Deletion of E4F1 inflicts mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress on murine and human myeloid leukemia cells but not healthy macrophages

E4F1-mediated control of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is essential for skin homeostasis.

The multifunctional protein E4 transcription factor 1 (E4F1) is an essential regulator of epidermal stem cell (ESC) maintenance. Here, we found that E4F1 transcriptionally regulates a metabolic program involved in pyruvate metabolism that is required to maintain skin homeostasis. E4F1 deficiency in basal keratinocytes resulted in deregulated expression of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (Dlat), a gene encoding the E2 subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex. Accordingly, E4f1 knock-out (KO) keratinocytes exhibited impaired PDH activity and a redirection of the glycolytic flux toward lactate production. The metabolic reprogramming of E4f1 KO keratinocytes associated with remodeling of their microenvironment and alterations of the basement membrane, led to ESC mislocalization and exhaustion of the ESC pool. ShRNA-mediated depletion of Dlat in primary keratinocytes recapitulated defects observed upon E4f1 inactivation, including increased lactate secretion, enhanced activity of extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes, and impaired clonogenic potential. Altogether, our data reveal a central role for Dlat in the metabolic program regulated by E4F1 in basal keratinocytes and illustrate the importance of PDH activity in skin homeostasis

Génération et utilisation d'un réseau d'interaction protéine/protéine (Exemple des protéines de remodelage de la chromatine chez C. elegans)

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Contrôle de l'expression du gèbe cycline E au cours du cycle cellulaire

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Wnt-target gene Dlk-1 is regulated by the Prmt5-associated factor Copr5 during adipogenic conversion

Protein arginine methyl transferase 5 (Prmt5) regulates various differentiation processes, including adipogenesis. Here, we investigated adipogenic conversion in cells and mice in which Copr5, a Prmt5- and histone-binding protein, was genetically invalidated. Compared to control littermates, the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT) of Copr5 KO mice was slightly but significantly reduced between 8 and 16 week/old and contained fewer and larger adipocytes. Moreover, the adipogenic conversion of Copr5 KO embryoid bodies (EB) and of primary embryo fibroblasts (Mefs) was markedly delayed. Differential transcriptomic analysis identified Copr5 as a negative regulator of the Dlk-1 gene, a Wnt target gene involved in the control of adipocyte progenitors cell fate. Dlk-1 expression was upregulated in Copr5 KO Mefs and the Vascular Stromal Fraction (VSF) of Copr5 KO WAT. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) show that the ablation of Copr5 has impaired both the recruitment of Prmt5 and β-catenin at the Dlk-1 promoter. Overall, our data suggest that Copr5 is involved in the transcriptional control exerted by the Wnt pathway on early steps of adipogenesis

Contrôles épigénétiques du cycle cellulaire (fonctions et régulation de la lysine méthyltransférase PR-Set7)

La lysine méthyltransférase PR-Set7 est responsable de la monométhylation de la lysine 20 de l'histone H4 (H4K20me1). Son expression varie au cours du cycle cellulaire. D'un niveau peu élevé en phase S, l'enzyme atteint un niveau maximum au cours de la mitose. Mon projet de thèse avait pour but de caractériser les fonctions de PR-Set7 et les raisons de cette régulation au cours du cycle. Présentés sous forme de publication, les résultats de ma thèse montrent que PR-Set7 induit un signal H4K20me1 au niveau des origines de réplication pendant la mitose, ce qui permet le recrutement des complexes de pré-réplication (Pre-RC) contenant les facteurs nécessaires à la formation des fourches de réplication lors la phase S suivante. En effet, la présence de PR-Set7 sur une séquence d'ADN spécifique est suffisante pour induire le co-recrutement des protéines du complexe Pre-RC, tandis que l'inactivation de l'enzyme conduit au contraire à un défaut d'assemblage de ces complexes suivi d'un stress réplicatif. Lors de la phase S, PR-Set7 est dégradée par le complexe Cul4-DDB1, via son interaction avec la protéine PCNA. Cette dégradation permet la disparition du signal H4K20me1 des origines et l'inhibition des complexes Pre-RC, s'assurant ainsi que les origines sont actives une seule fois par cycle cellulaire. La mutation du domaine d'interaction avec PCNA est suffisante pour empêcher la dégradation de PR-Set7, entraînant alors la maintenance du signal H4K20me1 et une activation répétée des origines pendant la phase S (phénotype de sur-réplication). L'ensemble de mes résultats établissent PR-Set7 et le signal H4-K20me1 comme un nouveau mécanisme épigénétique de contrôle des origines de réplication chez les mammifères.The lysine methyltransferase PR-Set7 is responsible of the monomethylation of lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20me1). Its expression is cell-cycle regulated. With weak levels in S phase, this enzyme reach a peak level during mitosis. My PhD project was to characterize the functions of PR-Set7 and the reasons underlying its cell-cycle regulation. Presented as publications, my results show that PR-Set7 induces H4K20me1 on replication origins during mitosis, which allows recruitment of pre-replication complexes (Pre-RC) containing all the factors required to create replication forks during the next S phase. Indeed, the presence of PR-Set7 on a specific DNA sequence is sufficient to induce the co-recruitment of Pre-RC complex proteins, whereas the inactivation of this enzyme leads to defects in the assembly of these complexes followed by a replicative stress. During S phase, PR-Set7 is degraded par the Cul4-DDB1 complex through its association with PCN A. This degradation induces the disappearance of H4K20me1 on origins and inhibition of Pre-RC complexes, ensuring that origins are activated only once per cell cycle. Mutations in the interaction domain with PCNA are sufficient to prevent PR-Set7 degradation, leading to the maintenance of H4K20me1 and a multiple activation of origins during S phase (over-replication phenotype). My results establish PR-Set7 and H4K20me1 as a new epigenetic mechanism to control replication origins in mammals.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF