Course of infection with Lymphocystis disease virus in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) is the etiological agent of lymphocystis disease (LCD), a pathology that affects a wide variety of fish species. Data about LCDV pathogenesis are very short, and mainly limited to histopathological studies of skin lesions. Recent studies on viral genome detection (both by PCR or DNA-DNA in situ hybridization) suggest that LCDV establish a systemic and persistent infection in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), but further studies are necessary to prove if this infection is productive or not. In the present study viral quantification and viral mRNA detection (by qPCR and RT-qPCR) have been used to investigate LCDV multiplication in different organs of juvenile gilthead seabream. In addition, a histopathological study was carried out. Animals were collected from two commercial farms in Southwestern Spain. In one farm, where no LCD outbreaks have been recorded, apparently healthy fish were collected, whereas in the other farm, diseased and recovered (two months after LCD symptoms disappearance) fish were sampled. All the animals were LCDV-infected, and viral gene expression was detected in every organ analysed (caudal fin, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney and brain). In asymptomatic animals, both apparently healthy and recovered, a low-titre infection was observed, with the highest viral copy numbers detected in brain and kidney. In diseased fish, viral loads were significantly higher than in subclinical infected animals, being maximal in caudal fin, where lymphocysts were present in the dermis. Different histological alterations were observed in the internal organs from diseased fish analysed, although no hypertrophied cells were detected in any of them. In recovered fish, most of the organs examined presented similar histological features to those in healthy animals. Thus, pathological changes were only detected in the intestine and liver, although they were less severe than those observed in diseased fish. The results presented showed that LCDV establishes a systemic infection in juvenile gilthead seabream, which can be subclinical. In addition, although the disease is self-limiting, the virus is not removed after disease recovery, but produces a persistent infection.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Manejo de la inestabilidad acromioclavicular crónica

ResumenLa articulación acromioclavicular representa el vínculo entre la clavícula y la escápula necesario para que se produzca una dinámica funcional sincronizada. La inestabilidad acromioclavicular crónica supone la producción de cambios en la orientación anatómica de la escápula, situación que condiciona alteraciones en la trayectoria cinemática de los grupos musculares que se pueden traducir finalmente en dolor crónico. Se han descrito una serie de estrategias quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de los pacientes con inestabilidad acromioclavicular crónica sintomática. El abanico de posibilidades contempla técnicas anatómicas y no anatómicas, cirugía abierta y cirugía asistida por artroscopia, injertos biológicos y plastias sintéticas. En el manejo quirúrgico de la inestabilidad acromioclavicular crónica de debe contemplar la reconstrucción de los ligamentos rotos, ya que se acepta que después de 3 semanas de producida la lesión dichas estructuras carecen de potencial de cicatrización.En el presente artículo se presenta una revisión de la literatura en cuanto al manejo de la inestabilidad acromioclavicular crónica.AbstractThe acromioclavicular joint represents the link between the clavicle and the scapula, responsible for the synchronized dynamics of the shoulder girdle. Chronic acromioclavicular joint instability involves the occurrence of changes in the anatomical orientation of the scapula, a situation that leads to changes in muscle kinematics that could result in chronic pain. Several surgical strategies for the management of patients with chronic and symptomatic acromioclavicular joint instability have been described. The range of possibilities includes anatomical and non-anatomical techniques, open and arthroscopy-assisted surgery, and biological and synthetic grafts. Surgical management of chronic acromioclavicular joint instability should involve the reconstruction of the torn ligaments, as it is accepted that after 3 weeks from the injury, these structures lack healing potential.This paper describes a review of the literature as regards to the management of chronic acromioclavicular instability

Reliability of preoperative measurement with standardized templating in Total Knee Arthroplasty

AIM: To investigate the correlation between preoperative measurement in total knee arthroplasty and the prosthetic size implanted. METHODS: A prospective double-blind study of 50 arthroplasties was performed. Firstly, the reliability and correspondence between the size of said measurement and the actual implant utilized was determined. Secondly, the existing correlation between the intra- and interobserver determinations with the intraclass correlation coefficient was analyzed. RESULTS: An overall correspondence of 54%, improving up to 92% when the measured size admitted a difference of one size, was found. Good intra- and interobserver reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient greater than 0.90 (P < 0.001) was also discovered. CONCLUSION: Agreement between the preoperative measurement with standardized acetate templates and the prosthetic size implanted can be considered satisfactory. We thus conclude it is a reproducible technique

Management of chronic unstable acromioclavicular joint injuries

The acromioclavicular joint represents the link between the clavicle and the scapula, which is responsible for the synchronized dynamic of the shoulder girdle. Chronic acromioclavicular joint instability involves changes in the orientation of the scapula, which provokes cinematic alterations that might result in chronic pain. Several surgical strategies for the management of patients with chronic and symptomatic acromioclavicular joint instability have been described. The range of possibilities includes anatomical and non-anatomical techniques, open and arthroscopy-assisted procedures, and biological and synthetic grafts. Surgical management of chronic acromioclavicular joint instability should involve the reconstruction of the torn ligaments because it is accepted that from three weeks after the injury, these structures may lack healing potential. Here, we provide a review of the literature regarding the management of chronic acromioclavicular joint instability. Expert opinion, Level V

Cuantificación y alteraciones histopatológicas producidas por concentraciones subletales de cobre en Fundulus heteroclitus

25 páginas.[EN] Fed and starved Fundulus heteroclitus specimens were exposed for 30 days to sublethal copper concentrations (800 ?g Cu2+/L). The accumulation of copper and histopathological effects on the liver and gills were studied. In both fed and starved specimens, the liver showed a progressive copper accumulation during the experimental period (from 2 to 30 days), with higher levels of copper in the liver of starved fish. Copper accumulation was also detected in the gills, and the specimens exposed to copper for 15 to 30 days (both fed and starved) showed significant differences (P < 0.005) with respect to the control group and the 2-day treated fishes. The main histopathological alterations were: vacuolization of hepatic parenchyma, desquamation of gill epithelia, lamellar telangiectasia, as well as hepatic and branchial necrosis. The results of this paper provide evidence that the nutritional status of the fish has great importance in modifying its response to sublethal copper effects.[ES]Ejemplares de Fundulus heteroclitus alimentados y mantenidos en inanición fueron expuestos a concentraciones subletales de cobre (800 µg Cu2+/L) durante un periodo de 30 días. Se estudió la acumulación de cobre, así como las alteraciones histopatológicas producidas en las branquias y en el hígado. El hígado, tanto en los organismos alimentados como en los mantenidos en ayunas, presentó acumulación progresiva hasta los 30 días, con mayores niveles en ejemplares sometidos al ayuno. Por otro lado, en las branquias se detectó también acumulación de cobre, presentando el grupo de organismos expuestos de 15 a 30 días (alimentados y sometidos a inanición) diferencias significativas (P < 0.005) con respecto al grupo control y los tratados durante 2 días. Las principales alteraciones histopatológicas fueron: vacuolización del parénquima hepático, descamación del epitelio branquial, telangiectasia lamelar, así como necrosis branquial y hepática. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo muestran la importancia del estado nutricional de peces, como modificador de la respuesta de los mismos a los efectos subletales producidos por la exposición a cobre.Peer reviewe

Determinación de órganos diana para la multiplicación y persistencia del virus de la enfermedad de linfocistis (LCDV) en dorada (Sparus aurata, L.)

La enfermedad de linfocistis es la única patología de etiología viral descrita en dorada cultivada En la cuenca mediterr nea, la prevalencia es cercana al 100 , ocasionando graves p rdidas económicas debido a la imposibilidad de comercializar los peces afectados En el presente trabajo se ha abordado el estudio de la patog nesis del virus de la enfermedad de linfocistis (LCDV) en dorada, además se han establecido los órganos implicados en la multiplicación vírica Para ello, se ha diseñado un protocolo de hibridación in situ empleando sondas RNA marcadas con digoxigenina dirigidas contra el gen que codifica la proteína principal de la cápside (MCP) viral, y se ha evaluado en poblaciones de dorada. En paralelo, se ha procedido a la cuantificación del número de copias de genoma viral por PCR a tiempo real y cuantificación relativa de la transcripción del gen que codifica la MCP viral mediante qRT-PCR. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el LCDV establece una infección sistémica en alevines de dorada, pudiendo detectarse señal de hibridación tanto en órganos internos (hígado, bazo, riñón) como en músculo y aleta. También se han observado diversos daños histopatológicos en animales enfermos, mientras que en animales recuperados de la enfermedad estos daños parecen revertir, aunque en estos animales la infección persiste, si bien sólo a niveles detectables mediante PCR a tiempo real.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Potential risk of Artemia sp as a transmission vector of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV)

4 páginas, 1 figura. XI Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura (Vigo, 24-28 septiembre 2007). Ed. Antonio Cerviño Eiroa, Alejandro Guerra Díaz y Carmen Pérez Acosta.[EN] Cysts and naupliis of Artemia sp. were analysed. Specific nested-PCR revealed lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) genome. Infective viral particle has been observed by CPE development in inoculated cell cultures. Viral genome was found by in situ hybridization in nauplii and adults of natural infected artemia, as in nauplii of bath challenged artemia. No morphological damages have been observed. Artemia is a bio-accumulator of fish pathogens, with a possible role as environmental reservoir of fish pathogens. These results have shown the risk of artemia as a source of viral pathogens to fish larvae.[ES] En el presente trabajo se han realizado estudios virológicos en distintos lotes de quistes comerciales de artemias utilizados como alimento de larvas de peces marinos en piscifactorías. Mediante nested-PCR se ha detectado genoma del virus de linfocistis (LCDV) en homogeneizados de quistes y nauplios de artemia. La existencia de partículas víricas infectivas en estos homogeneizados se ha demostrado mediante la aparición de efectos citopáticos en cultivos celulares. Los ensayos de hibridación in situ han demostrado la existencia del LCDV en artemias infectadas naturalmente, así como en artemias inoculadas mediante baño, sin observarse alteraciones morfológicas. Las artemias actúan por tanto como bioacumuladores, pudiendo desempeñar un papel importante como reservorios ambientales de patógenos de peces. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto el riesgo potencial de las artemias como fuente de patógenos víricos en estadios larvarios.Irene Cano es contratada postdoctoral en el ICMAN.CSIC dentro del Fondo social europeo- I3P-CSIC, en el marco del proyecto AGL2006-17777-C03-02/ACU (IP: Carmen Sarasquete).Peer reviewe

Toxicity of malathion during Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis larval development and metamorphosis: Histopathological disorders and effects on type B esterases and CYP1A enzymatic systems

The toxicity of malathion to Solea senegalensis was studied in a static renewal bioassay during its first month of larval life (between 4 and 30 dph). Through the use of different biomarkers and biochemical, cellular and molecular approaches (inhibition of cholinesterases [ChEs], changes in cytochrome P450-1A [CYP1A] and the study of histopathological alterations), the effects of three concentrations of malathion (1.56, 3.12, and 6.25 mu g/L) have been analyzed. In subacute exposure, malathion inhibited cholinesterase activities (AChE, BChE, CbE) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, ranging the inhibition percentage from 20% to 90%. However, the expression levels of CYP1A and AChE transcripts or proteins were not modified. Additionally, exposure to malathion provoked histopathological alterations in several organ systems of Senegalese sole in a time- and dose dependent way, namely disruption of parenchymal architecture in the liver, epithelial desquamation, pyknotic nuclei and steatosis in the intestine, disorganization of supporting cartilage, and sings of hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the gills and degeneration of the epithelial cells from the renal tubules. Malathion exposure also provoked strong disorganization of cardiac fibers from the heart. The findings provide evidence that exposure to sublethal concentrations of malathion that provoked serious injury to the fish S. senegalensis, were below the expected environmental concentrations reported in many other ecosystems and different fish species,revealing a higher sensitivity for Solea senegalensis to malathion exposure, thus reinforcing its use as sentinel species for environmental pollution in coastal and estuarine environments

Contrasting outcomes of Vibrio harveyi pathogenicity in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata and European seabass, Dicentrachus labrax

Vibrio harveyi has been reported as the dominant heterotrophic bacterial species in western Mediterranean coastal areas during warm seasons, and is recognized as an economically significant pathogen for the aquaculture industry. The present work aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of a V. harveyi strain isolated from ascitic fluid collected from cultured gilthead seabream and then used in a challenge experiment involving the two most important fish species in Mediterranean aquaculture: gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata and European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. The ascitic fluid from diseased juvenile seabreams, previously vaccinated against Photobacterium damselae and Vibrio anguillarum, was extracted and bacteria cultivated for isolation and characterization. Additionally, different tissues were sampled for histological evaluation and description. Significant histopathological responses were observed in hepatic and mucosal tissues. One of the strains isolated from ascitic fluid, IRTA 17-43, was selected for a bacterial challenge. Additionally, the attenuation of virulence through sequential passage of the strain on solid media was also assessed. In parallel, a co-habitation trial was performed in order to evaluate the possible transfer of the bacteria between injected and healthy individuals. Pathogenicity trials in gilthead seabream resulted in only 25% mortality when injected with 107 CFU mL−1, whereas, for European seabass, a mortality of 95% was recorded, with clear signs of vibriosis. When passed sequentially on solid media, the strain IRTA-17-43 showed a decrease of 35% in cumulative mortality for European seabass. No apparent transmission of the pathogen occurred during the co-habitation trial for both species. In conclusion, although few external signs of V. harveyi are observed in vaccinated carriers, internal effects of the infection were clear and severe. Although no horizontal transfer of infection was observed, the risk of occurrence between carriers and immunosuppressed individuals or between different species should be considered. This further validates that the establishment of a good health management system within fish farms is of major importance in order to avoid the onset of disease outbreaks.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Effect of dietary vitamin A on Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) skeletogenesis and larval quality

16 páginas, 12 figuras, 4 tablas.The effects of different levels of vitamin A (VA) in Senegalese sole larval performance and development were evaluated by means of a dietary dose–response experiment using enriched Artemia metanauplii as a carrier of this micronutrient. Larvae were fed from 6 to 27 days post hatch (dph) with enriched Artemia containing graded levels of total VA (1.3, 2.1, 4.5 and 12.9 µg VA mg− 1 DW). The content of VA in live prey directly affected its accumulation in larvae and early juveniles. Retinyl palmitate accumulated during larval ontogeny, whereas retinol showed the opposite trend, decreasing from hatching until 41 dph and then remaining constant until the end of the study. In metamorphic larvae (10 and 15 dph), VA did not affect the number of thyroid follicles or the intensity of the immunoreactive staining of T3 and T4. However, at older stages of development (post-metamorphic larvae: 20, 30, 41 and 48 dph), VA decreased the number of thyroid follicles but increased their mean size and enhanced T3 and T4 immunoreactive staining. A dietary excess of VA did not affect either larval performance in terms of growth and survival or the maturation of the digestive system. However, the most remarkable impact of this morphogenetic nutrient was detected during skeletal morphogenesis. Dietary VA accelerated the intramembranous ossification of vertebral centrums, which led to the formation of a supranumerary haemal vertebra and a high incidence of fused and compressed vertebrae in fish fed 2.1, 4.5 and 12.9 mg VA mg− 1 DW. In addition, VA also affected those structures from vertebrae and caudal fin formed by chondral ossification, leading to defects in their shape and fusions with adjacent skeletal elements. In particular, the caudal fin was the region most affected by the dietary treatments. In order of importance, the bones with more developmental anomalies were the modified neural and haemal spines, epural, hypurals and parahypural. The impact of systemic factors such as thyroidal hormones in skeletogenesis should not be neglected since present results revealed that an excess of dietary VA affected the levels of T3 and T4, which might have affected bone formation and remodelling, leading to skeletal deformities.This work was funded by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) of the Spanish Government (project AGL2005-02478).Peer reviewe