A Woman of Property: From Being It to Controlling It - A Bicentennial Perspective on Women and Ohio Property Law, 1803 to 2003

This Article reviews the development of women\u27s legal rights, by tracing the right of a married woman to own and control real property from after the American Revolution to the present. Early feminist leaders were much of the impetus for change in women\u27s real property laws. The Article examines the early feminist movement in Ohio, and the profound effects of the many, courageous feminist leaders on Ohio property law

Fluid flow and sound generation at hydrothermal vent fields

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution April 8, 1988Several experiments are presented in this thesis which examine methods to measure and monitor fluid flow from hydrothermal vent fields. Simultaneous velocity, temperature, and conductivity data were collected in the convective flow emanating from a hydrothermal vent field located at 10°S6'N, 103° 41'W on the East Pacific rise. The horizontal profiles obtained indicate that the flow field approaches an ideal plume in the temperature and velocity distribution. Such parameters as total heat flow and maximum plume height can be estimated using either the velocity or the temperature information. The results of these independent calculations are in close agreement, yielding a total heat flow from this vent site of 3.7 ± 0.8 MW and a maximum height of 150±10 m. The nonlinear effects of large temperature variations on heat capacity and volume changes slightly alter the calculations applied to obtain these values. In Guaymas Basin, a twelve day time series of temperature data was collected from a point three centimeters above a diffuse hydrothermal flow area. Using concurrent tidal gauge data from the town of Guaymas it is shown that the effects of tidar currents can be strong enough to dominate the time variability of a temperature signal at a fixed point in hydrothermal flow and are a plausible explanation for the variations seen in the Guaymas Basin temperature data. Theoretical examination of hot, turbulent, buoyant jets exiting from hydrothermal chimneys revealed acoustic source mechanisms capable of producing sound at levels higher than ambient ocean noise. Pressure levels and frequency generated by hydrothermal jets are dependent on chimney dimensions, fluid velocity and temperature and therefore can be used to monitor changes in these parameters over time. A laboratory study of low Mach number jet noise and amplification by flow inhomogeneities confirmed theoretical predictions for homogeneous jet noise power and frequency. The increase in power due to convected flow inhomogeneities, however, was lower in the near field than expected. Indirect evidence of hydrothermal sound fields (Reidesel et al., 1982; Bibee and Jacobson, 1986) showing anomalous high power and low frequency noise associated with vents is due to processes other than jet noise. On Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge, high quality acoustic noise measurements were obtained by two hydrophones located 3 m and 40 m from an active hydrothermal vent, in an effort to determine the feasibility of monitoring hydrothermal vent activity through floW noise generation. Most of the noise field could be attributed to ambient ocean noise sources of microseisms, distant shipping and weather, punctuated by local ships and biological sources. Water/rock interface waves of local origin, were detected which showed high pressure amplitudes near the seafloor and, decaying with vertical distance, produced low pressures at 40 m above the bottom. Detection of vent signals was hampered by unexpected spatial non- stationarity due to shadowing effects of the caldera wall. No continuous vent signals were deemed significant based on a criterion of 90% probability of detection and 5% probability of false alarm. However, a small signal near 40 Hz, with a power level of 1x10-4 Pa2/Hz was noticed on two records taken near the Inferno black smoker. The frequency of this signal is consistent with predictions and the power level suggests the occurrence of jet noise amplification due to convected density inhomogeneities. Ambient noise from the TAG (Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse) hydrothermal area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 26°N, in the frequency band 1-30 Hz at a range of 0.75-14 km from the site of an extremely active high temperature hydrothermal vent field (Rona, 1986) was examined. The ambient noise field exhibits great temporal and spatial variations attributed in part to typical ocean noise sources such as distant shipping and microseisms. Power spectral levels as measured at each of six ocean bottom hydrophones (OBH) were used to estimate the location of point sources of sound in the area, if any. The hydrothermal vent did not produce enough sound to be located as a point source using data from the OBH array. The only consistently identifiable point source found with the data set was generating sound in a 0.8-3.5 Hz bandwidth and located outside the median valley. It appears to be harmonic tremor associated with the tip of a ridge on the western side of the spreading axis and may be volcanic in origin.This work was supported by the WHOI/MIT Education Office, the Center for Analysis of Marine Systems, the National Science Foundation (grant OCE83-l0l75), NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Dept. of Commerce under grant #NA86-AA-D-SG090, WHOI Sea Grant (R/6-l4), the Office of Naval Research grant #N0014-87-K-0007, and the NOAA Vents Program

Palladium-Catalyzed Borylation And Cross-Coupling Of Aryl And Heteroaryl Halides Utilizing Dibora Derivatives

ABSTRACT PALLADIUM-CATALYZED BORYLATION AND CROSS-COUPLING OF ARYL AND HETEROARYL HALIDES UTILIZING DIBORA DERIVATIVES Sarah Little Jane Trice Professor Gary A. Molander Although much current research focuses on developing new boron reagents and identifying robust catalytic systems for the cross-coupling of these reagents, the fundamental preparations of the nucleophilic partners (i.e., boronic acids and derivatives) has been studied to a lesser extent. Most current methods to access boronic acids are indirect and require harsh conditions or expensive reagents. Therefore, we sought to provide a simple, efficient, and direct synthesis of arylboronic acids. Utilizing aryl halides and an underutilized reagent, tetrahydroxydiboron B2(OH)4, we developed a palladium-catalyzed method that now provides access to boronic acids in high yield. The method eliminates the necessity to employ the extremely wasteful and most commonly used source of boron, bis(pinacolato)diboron. The first method developed focused on the borylation of the less expensive and more commercially available aryl chlorides. We demonstrated that most functional groups are well tolerated under the mild reaction conditions, providing the corresponding trifluoroborate in good to excellent yield for most subtrates. We also demonstrated that the crude boronic acid could be easily and efficiently converted to a myriad of boronate esters. The method was later extended to include aryl and heteroaryls bromides, chlorides, and triflates. We went on to demonstrate that we could achieve similar results with the synthetic precursor to B2(OH)4, tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron. We also demonstrated that we could perform a one-pot, two-step borylation/Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. And Finally, through the use of ethylene glycol as an additive to the borylation reaction with B2(OH)4, we were able to access heteroaryl substrates that were difficult to obtain in good yield with our optimized methods. Using this strategy, we were able to access one-pot borylation/Suzuki cross-coupled products between two heteroaryls in high yield

Investigating caffeine levels in water sources in Morehead, Kentucky

https://scholarworks.moreheadstate.edu/student_scholarship_posters/1070/thumbnail.jp

Parasitism and environmental sex determination in Daphnia

International audienceHypothesis: Daphnia exposed to cues associated with the onset of a parasite epidemic will have more males and resting eggs.Organisms: Seven clones of Daphnia magna (chosen for high levels of sexual reproduction) and the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa.Methods: We explored how parasite infection (simulated by creating crowding conditions using infected hosts) might influence male and resting egg production compared with crowding conditions created using healthy hosts. We also explored the effects of putting bacterial spores in water. Conclusions: Both crowding and crowding with infected hosts led to higher numbers of males and resting eggs. Direct exposure to parasite transmission spores had no effect. Male production in response to treatment was host-clone specific, with some clones responding strongly to the presence of infected hosts, but others not responding or only responding to water crowded with healthy Daphnia. Resting-egg production in response to treatment was also host-clone specific, but differences were not affected by crowding conditions

Engineering the immobilization of ethnic parties in Sub-Saharan Africa : the enforcement and effect of particularistic party bans

Includes bibliographical references.Many developing democracies have attempted to systematically engineer the party system in order to help reduce the salience of particularistic identities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, government intervention in political party development has been often been concerned with countering the political mobilization of ethnic, racial, and/or religious identities. This concern has led at least 19 Sub-Saharan African nations to design legislation to ban political parties based on ethnicity, race, tribe, religion, region or any other particularistic identity. This paper employs two measures to determine the particularistic nature of parties and compares the results across countries with particularistic party bans which have been enforced, those with bans which have not been enforced and countries without a ban. The paper argues that particularistic party bans do not consistently accomplish their intended effects. However, it is clear that particularistic identities are not primordial and do indeed react to political forces. If particularistic party bans are executed with oppression, the results can be detrimental to reducing the salience of ethnicity. On the contrary, if particularistic party bans are enforced or employed in a fair-handed manner the effects may be beneficial to the consolidation of democracy in divided societies. More important are the political and social contexts of a nation which either reinforce non particularistic politics or undermine it

Engaging Older Youth: Program and City-Level Strategies to Support Sustained Participation in Out-of-School Time

With support from The Wallace Foundation, the Harvard Family Research Project and P/PV conducted a study of almost 200 out-of-school-time (OST) programs in six cities to better understand how they promote sustained participation among older youth.The resulting data indicated that two of the most important practices distinguishing high-retention programs were: ample leadership opportunities for youth and high levels of staff efforts to keep informed about participants' lives outside the programs. The study also compares and contrasts effective practices for middle school- versus high school-aged youth, noting the shortcomings of "one-size-fits-all" strategies. Finally, Engaging Older Youth details the influence of city-level OST initiatives on programs and identifies the types of city-level services that likely support participation

A Sociophonetic Study of the Metropolitan French [R]: Linguistic Factors Determining Rhotic Variation

3rd Place Winner, Denman Undergraduate Research Forum/R/ sounds display much variation in many of the world’s languages, being vulnerable to changes in their pronunciation. This unstable type of sound is found in French. Many linguists have studied the /R/ sound variation of different dialects around the Francophone world, such as French-speaking Africa or Canadian French. However, the variation found within France has not been thoroughly investigated. I initiated this research with the aim to further our understanding of the linguistic evolution of speakers living in France. This project seeks to prove that differences in /R/ pronunciation can be attributed to various social factors, such as gender, age, and contact with other languages, as well as linguistic factors such as stress and surrounding sounds. This study analyzes the speech of Paris-native speakers or those who have lived in the city for an extended period of time. For this purpose, I recorded these speakers performing three tasks: reading a list of words, which they had to put into sentences; a picture description; and an informal interview. After having analyzed most of the data, I have found that the speakers who have contact with other languages (specifically African creoles) show cases of pronouncing the /R/ similar to a vowel and have cases of trills (the Old French pronunciation), which are not found in the other speakers. In addition, the younger speakers show signs of exposure to a more recent phenomenon: a weakening of the sound. These results suggest that the behavior of French speakers in France is different from other dialects since they display an evolution in their language in which the French /R/ is shifting to a completely different sound. These findings shed light on the origin of language changes in Standard French, Paris, and help us predict when French speakers can expect an upcoming linguistic phenomenon.Undergraduate Honors Gateway Research GrantPrice Traveling ScholarshipForrest and Marjorie Miller Endowed Fund for Study AbroadArts & Sciences Undergraduate Research ScholarshipArts & Sciences Undergraduate Research Small GrantNo embarg