From Building and Preserving to Eroding Trust: A Multi-level Analysis

Trust is imperative for the successful navigation of strategic change initiatives. So, we ask ourselves the question: How do perceptions of organizational trust (composed of institutional and interpersonal trust) develop over time and what are their interactions during strategic change? We answer this question through a real-time ethnographic analysis of a merger process focusing specifically on trust at multiple levels, between employees, middle and top management and how it interacts with the trust these individuals have in the informal and formal processes of the organization. We unearthed three key processes in the dynamic interplay between levels and types of trust. (Dis)trust obfuscation allowed top management to overcome negative perceptions of employees by foregrounding one figurehead with whom employees build trust whilst backgrounding the other members. Multi-level mirroring in which middle management mirrored the content and emotionality of the communication of top management amplified trust building. Third, integrative elaboration whereby middle management actively helped employees to stay the course whilst top management withdrew from actively engaging with employees. These processes resulted in the trust dynamics to go from building with employees and preserving with middle management to preservation and finally trust erosion. Our findings contribute to the study of trust as a multi-level phenomenon as well as understanding trust dynamics at multiple levels

Original Article

It has been the general practice to employ culture methods in discerning whether Ascaris eggs are alive or dead. Although culture methods are most reliable, they are not without shortcomings- -the time required in going through the procedures is very long. The discovery of some reliable and simple methods, therefore, has eagerly been awaited. However little research has been done on this subject and no better methods have ever been developed. Sudan III staining method is one of the methods developed so far, but its reliability is doubted by many researchers. In an effort to devise a new staining method, the author carried out a series of experiments; sudan III staining method was first checked on the attempts were made to enhance the ability of eggs to stain by pre-treating them with acid and alkali, and finally a number of dyes, especially fatty dyes, were experimented on. As a result of these experiments, the author has developed anew staining method using Lugol\u27s solution and has proved that it is superior to sudan III staing method. Further experiments were carried out in order to investigate into the mechanism of staining. A comparative study of this method with the staining method using fluoroscopic dye, which had recently been developed, was also performed. The results of the experiments are summarized as follows: 1. The eggs killed by heating stained well by sudan III staining method, but the eggs killed by other means did not stain well. Attemts were made to enhance the ability to stain by applying various pre-treatment but without success. 2. The live eggs stained with Lugol\u27s solution are not decolorized by alcohol, but the dead eggs stained with Lugol\u27s solution are decolorized by alcohol. It would thus be possible to discern by this method whether eggs are dead or alive. Although it has no absolute value, this method is superior to sudan III staining method and is availabe for experimental purposes.3. It seems that the permeability of the egg-shell plays an important part in Lugol\u27s solution staining method. Although results vary with the change in the methods used for killing eggs, it seems that the permeability of shells of eggs are enhanced when they are dead, thereby promoting decolorization. 4. It is assumed that it is the .third layer that plays a significant role in the permeability of the eggshell. 5. It seems that the staining method using fluoroscopic dyes, which has more or less similar value as sudan III staining method, is inferior to Lugol\u27s .solution staining method in discerning whther Ascaris eggs are dead or alive

Case studies for the Danish EUDP project “IEA OES Task 10 Phase III – WEC Modelling”:Milestone M1 report

The project “IEA OES Task 10 Phase III – WEC Modelling” is a publicly-funded research project under the Danish Energy Agency EUDP grant with Journal no. 134232-510153. As part of the initial period of the project, a selection of three test cases has been defined under WP2. The present report forms the deliverable for Milestone “M1: Case studies defined”

„stercus ex latrinis" - Die unappetitliche Nachnutzung von Schacht MR6/MR 32 in der Region 17C der Unterstadt von Augusta Raurica

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden die Ergebnisse der interdisziplinären Auswertung der Verfüllung von Schacht MR 6/MR 32 vorgestellt, der anlässlich der Lehrgrabung «Kaiseraugst-Auf der Wacht» (2011–2013. 001) in der westlichen Unterstadt von Augusta Raurica (Region 17C) entdeckt wurde. Der rund 4,2 m tiefe, trocken gemauerte Schacht MR 6/MR 32, dessen primäre Verwendung (cella promptuaria? fossa nivalis?) nicht hinreichend geklärt ist, wurde wahrscheinlich in flavischer Zeit errichtet und bereits zu Beginn des 2. Jahrhunderts wieder aufgegeben und verfüllt (vgl. Schneider/Schwarz 2017 [in diesem Band]). Die archäologischen und mikromorphologischen Analysen haben gezeigt, dass es sich bei den unteren Füllschichten (Schichtpaket A) unter anderem um stercus, also um Fäkalien handelt, die wahrscheinlich in kurzem zeitlichem Abstand nacheinander eingebracht worden sind. Die Latrinensedimente sind nicht in situ entstanden, sondern stam-men aus ausgeschöpften Latrinengruben, die sich vermutlich in der näheren Umgebung von Schacht MR 6/MR 32 befanden. Zu einem geringeren Teil fanden sich in Schichtpaket A auch gewöhnliche Haus-haltabfälle, wobei ungeklärt bleibt, ob sich darin separate Entsorgungsvorgänge widerspiegeln oder ob diese zusammen mit den Latrinensedimenten in den Schacht gelangt sind. Das Fundmaterial aus den unteren Füllschichten (Ensemble A) datiert nach Aussage der Keramik, der Kleinfunde sowie der Fundmünzen in die Zeit zwischen 70/80 und 120/140 n. Chr. Ensemble A um-fasst folglich Fundmaterial, das während der ersten (ältesten) zivilen Siedlungsphase der Unterstadt von Augusta Raurica in der Region 17C in den Boden gekommen ist. Wichtigstes Ergebnis ist die Feststellung, dass sich die von der älteren Forschung vertretene Unterscheidung in eine «reiche» Oberstadtund eine «arme» Unterstadt im archäo(bio)logischen Fundmaterial aus Schacht MR 6/MR 32 nicht widerspiegelt. Im Gegenteil: Die Analyse des keramischen Fundmaterials, der Klein- und Grosstierknochen sowie der botanischen Makroreste hat gezeigt, dass die in der Umgebung von Schacht MR 6/MR 32 lebende Bevölkerung weitgehend romanisiert war und sich auch relativ vielseitig ernährt hat. Für eine gehobene Ernährung sprechen unter anderem die hohen Anteile von Schwein und Huhn bzw. von Jungtieren sowie die nachgewiesenen Fischarten und die botanischen Makroreste. Unter letztgenannten fanden sich zahlreiche in Augusta Raurica auch sonst belegte Gemüse-, Obst- und Gewürzarten. Besonders hervorzuheben sind im vorliegenden Fall die eher seltenen Nachweise von Gurke, Gartenkresse und Schwarzkümmel. Dass zwei «klassische Luxusindikatoren» – Austern und Mittelmeermakrelen – in Ensemble A fehlen, ist zwar erstaunlich, spricht aber nicht gegen eine Interpretation der Latrinensedimente als Relikte einer sozial gut gestellten Bevölkerung. Konkrete und weiterführende Hinweise zum Gesundheitszustand der in der Region 17C lebenden Bevölkerung lieferte eine aus Schichtpaket A entnommene Sedimentprobe. Darin fanden sich zahlreiche Eier sowohl des Peitschen- als auch des Spulwurms; diese Würmer verursachen unter anderem chronische Durchfallerkrankungen, die in der römischen Epoche weit verbreitet waren, und zwar – wie das vorliegende Beispiel zeigt – offensichtlich auch bei sozial besser gestellten Bevölkerungsschichten

Direct Identification of Hundreds of Expression-Modulating Variants using a Multiplexed Reporter Assay

Although studies have identified hundreds of loci associated with human traits and diseases, pinpointing causal alleles remains difficult, particularly for non-coding variants. To address this challenge, we adapted the massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) to identify variants that directly modulate gene expression. We applied it to 32,373 variants from 3,642 cis-expression quantitative trait loci and control regions. Detection by MPRA was strongly correlated with measures of regulatory function. We demonstrate MPRA’s capabilities for pinpointing causal alleles, using it to identify 842 variants showing differential expression between alleles, including 53 well-annotated variants associated with diseases and traits. We investigated one in detail, a risk allele for ankylosing spondylitis, and provide direct evidence of a non-coding variant that alters expression of the prostaglandin EP4 receptor. These results create a resource of concrete leads and illustrate the promise of this approach for comprehensively interrogating how non-coding polymorphism shapes human biology.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant DP2OD006514)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant K99HG0081)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant R01HG006785

Pregnant women in four low-middle income countries have a high prevalence of inadequate dietary intakes that are improved by dietary diversity

Background: Up-to-date dietary data are required to understand the diverse nutritional challenges of pregnant women living in low-middle income countries (LMIC). To that end, dietary data were collected from 1st trimester pregnant women in rural areas of Guatemala, India, Pakistan, and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) participating in a maternal lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) Randomized Controlled Trial to examine dietary diversity (DD), usual group energy and nutrient intakes, and prevalence of inadequate dietary intakes.Methods: Two 24-h dietary recalls were conducted in ~240 pregnant women/site (total n = 966) prior to 12-week gestation. Adequate DD was assessed, i.e., ≥5 major food groups consumed within the past 24 h. Median, Q1, Q3 intakes (without LNS) of energy, macronutrients, 12 micronutrients, and phytate were examined. The at risk prevalence of inadequate intakes were based on international guidelines for pregnant women.Results: Dietary patterns varied widely among sites, with adequate DD reported: 20% (Pakistan), 25% (DRC), 50% (Guatemala), and 70% (India). Significantly higher intakes of most key nutrients were observed in participants with adequate DD. More than 80% of women in all sites had inadequate intakes of folate, vitamin B12, and choline, and \u3e80% of women in India and DRC also had inadequate intakes of calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B6.Conclusions: Our data highlight the likely need for micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy, specifically multi-micronutrient interventions, and support the value of increasing DD as part of sustainable long-term nutrition programs for women of reproductive age in these poor rural settings in LMIC

A major genetic locus in <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> is a determinant of host pathology

The progression and variation of pathology during infections can be due to components from both host or pathogen, and/or the interaction between them. The influence of host genetic variation on disease pathology during infections with trypanosomes has been well studied in recent years, but the role of parasite genetic variation has not been extensively studied. We have shown that there is parasite strain-specific variation in the level of splenomegaly and hepatomegaly in infected mice and used a forward genetic approach to identify the parasite loci that determine this variation. This approach allowed us to dissect and identify the parasite loci that determine the complex phenotypes induced by infection. Using the available trypanosome genetic map, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified on T. brucei chromosome 3 (LOD = 7.2) that accounted for approximately two thirds of the variance observed in each of two correlated phenotypes, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, in the infected mice (named &lt;i&gt;TbOrg1&lt;/i&gt;). In addition, a second locus was identified that contributed to splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and reticulocytosis (&lt;i&gt;TbOrg2&lt;/i&gt;). This is the first use of quantitative trait locus mapping in a diploid protozoan and shows that there are trypanosome genes that directly contribute to the progression of pathology during infections and, therefore, that parasite genetic variation can be a critical factor in disease outcome. The identification of parasite loci is a first step towards identifying the genes that are responsible for these important traits and shows the power of genetic analysis as a tool for dissecting complex quantitative phenotypic traits

Genome-wide analyses implicate 33 loci in heritable dog osteosarcoma, including regulatory variants near CDKN2A/B

Background: Canine osteosarcoma is clinically nearly identical to the human disease, but is common and highly heritable, making genetic dissection feasible. Results: Through genome-wide association analyses in three breeds (greyhounds, Rottweilers, and Irish wolfhounds), we identify 33 inherited risk loci explaining 55% to 85% of phenotype variance in each breed. The greyhound locus exhibiting the strongest association, located 150 kilobases upstream of the genes CDKN2A/B, is also the most rearranged locus in canine osteosarcoma tumors. The top germline candidate variant is found at a >90% frequency in Rottweilers and Irish wolfhounds, and alters an evolutionarily constrained element that we show has strong enhancer activity in human osteosarcoma cells. In all three breeds, osteosarcoma-associated loci and regions of reduced heterozygosity are enriched for genes in pathways connected to bone differentiation and growth. Several pathways, including one of genes regulated by miR124, are also enriched for somatic copy-number changes in tumors. Conclusions: Mapping a complex cancer in multiple dog breeds reveals a polygenic spectrum of germline risk factors pointing to specific pathways as drivers of disease