Intoxicaciones agudas por cocaína: caracterización, factores de riesgo, conocimientos y precauciones de los consumidores

La cocaína es la tercera droga ilegal más consumida después del cannabis y las anfetaminas. España es uno de los países donde su consumo está más extendido, sobretodo en el grupo de adultos jóvenes de 15-34 años. Los problemas de salud asociados al consumo de cocaína son frecuentes (13%-30%) entre los consumidores, aunque la intoxicación aguda por cocaína así como sus factores de riesgo no se han estudiado tanto como en el caso de la sobredosis por heroina. Existen vacios en la literatura sobre los factores de riesgo y sobre el conocimiento que tienen los usuarios sobre ellos y comportamientos del riesgo para evitarlos. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia de Intoxicación Aguda por cocaína así como sus características y factores de riesgo asociado, con especial relevancia del efecto dosis respuesta y el consumo de alcohol previo al evento. Por otra parte se exploró el conocimiento de estos factores de riesgo desde el punto de vista del usuario, y en qué medida los consumidores han realizado alguna acción para evitarlos. Metodo: Cohorte de 720 jóvenes usuarios de cocaína de forma habitual y reciente, y no consumidores de heroina de forma regular, que fueron captados desde escenarios diferentes a los servicios asistenciales, residentes en Madrid, Barcelona o Sevilla. Los datos de entrada en la cohorte analizados se recogieron a través de un extenso cuestionario administrado por personal entrenado apoyado por ordenador (CAPI). Se estima la prevalencia de Intoxicación Aguda (IA), se describen las características clínicas observando las diferencias por sexo y ciudad de residencia con el test de Chi cuadrado de pearson (p<0,05). Se construye una regresion logística para estudiar los factores asociados y un analisis casecrossover para estudiar el efecto del aumento de dosis en las cuatro horas anteriores al evento como desencadenante de la Intoxicación aguda por cocaína y el efecto del consumo de grandes cantidades de alcohol previo. Se recoge a través de preguntas cerradas y abiertas las razones por las que los usuarios creen que se han producido la IA en el grupo que la sufrieron y a toda la muestra sobre porque se producen los problemas agudos de salud en general. Tambien se pregunta de forma abierta si en el año anterior a la entrevista realizaron alguna accion para evitar estos problemas. A través de una regresión logística se identifica el prefil de aquellos consumidores que más frecuentemente adoptaron alguna acción que reduce los factores de riesgo de IA. Resultados: el 91,7% de la muestra consumen cocaína via intranasal y el 74,6% son bebedores de alto riesgo. La prevalencia de IA en el último año fue de 21%. El riesgo de IA aumenta 35 veces en las cuatro horas posteriores al consumo si se consume 0,5g o más cuando de forma habitual se consumía menos, se mantiene este incremento del riesgo en los consumidores regulares y en los bebedores de alto riesgo, y se incrementa si han consumido grandes cantidades de alcohol previo al evento. Solo el 12% de la muestra menciona dos o más razones que coinciden con los factores de riesgo conocidos hasta el momento y el 29,6% ha practicado alguna precaución en el año anterior a la entrevista para evitarlo. La mayoría van enfocadas a la disminución de la dosis y solamente el 0,4% ha reducido el consumo de alcohol. El principal factor asociado a haber adoptado precauciones es haber tenido contacto con tratamiento especializado y no se asocia el haber visitado a un médico general o de urgencias. Conclusiones: La Intoxicación aguda es frecuente entre los usuarios de cocaína. El aumento de la dosis es un desencadenante de la IA, así como el consumo de grandes cantidades de alcohol previo al evento. La mayoría de los usuarios desconocen los factores de riesgo de la IA por cocaína y no adoptan precauciones para evitarlos. Es necesario el desarrollo de estrategias preventivas dirigidas a la reducción del daño en este grupo mayoritario de consumidores de cocaína en polvo y preferentemente via intranasal.Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Medicina Legal y Forens

Aceptación y desigualdades socioeconómicas en la vacunación frente a meningococo B en la Comunidad de Madrid en el periodo anterior a su inclusión en el calendario

[EN] Introduction: The main preventive measure against invasive meningococcal disease is vaccination. The aim of our study was to evaluate the acceptability of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to the vaccine in the Community of Madrid in the period prior to its introduction in the immunization schedule. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational and ecological descriptive study in the cohort of children born between 2016 and 2019 using population-based electronic records. We calculated the vaccination coverage and analysed factors associated with vaccination status, determined the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage and the deprivation index (DI) and assessed the association between them by means of spatial regression. Results: We observed an increasing trend in primary vaccination coverage, from 44% in the cohort born in 2016 to 68% in the 2019 cohort. We found a statistically significant association between vaccination status and the DI (OR of primary vaccination in areas with DI5 compared to areas with DP1, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.50; P<.001). The spatial analysis showed an inverse correlation between the DI and vaccination coverage. Conclusions: The rise in the coverages of the MenB vaccine shows acceptance by the population. The association between socioeconomic level and vaccination coverage confirms the existence of health inequality and underlines the importance including this vaccine in the immunization schedule. [ES] Introducción: La principal medida de prevención frente a la Enfermedad Meningocócica Invasiva es la vacunación. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la aceptabilidad y las desigualdades socioeconómicas en el acceso a la vacuna frente a meningococo B (MenB) en la Comunidad de Madrid en el periodo previo a la introducción de la misma en el calendario. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en la cohorte de niños/as nacidos entre 2016 y 2019, de tipo ecológico, empleando registros poblacionales electrónicos. Se describieron coberturas de vacunación, se analizaron factores asociados al estado vacunal, se describieron las distribuciones espaciales de cobertura de vacunación y de índice de privación (IP) y se analizó la asociación entre ambas mediante regresión espacial. Resultados: Se observó una tendencia creciente de las coberturas de primovacunación, pasando de un 44% en la cohorte de nacidos en el año 2016 a un 68% en la cohorte de 2019. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el estado vacunal y el IP (OR de primovacunación en zonas con IP5 respecto a zonas con IP1: 0,38; IC95% 0,39−0,50; P < ,001). El análisis espacial mostró correlación inversa entre el IP y la cobertura de vacunación. Conclusiones: El ascenso de las coberturas de esta vacuna muestra aceptación por parte de la población. La relación entre nivel socioeconómico y cobertura de vacunación confirma la existencia de una desigualdad en salud y subraya la importancia de su inclusión en calendario.S

Humic like substances for the treatment of scarcely soluble pollutants by mild photo-Fenton process

[EN] Humic-like substances (HLS) extracted from urban wastes have been tested as auxiliaries for the photo Fenton removal of thiabendazole (TBZ) under simulated sunlight. Experimental design methodology based on Doehlert matrices was employed to check the effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration, HLS amount as well as TBZ loading; this last parameter was studied in the range 25-100 mg/L, to include values below and above the limit of solubility at pH = 5. Very satisfactory results were reached when TBZ was above solubility if HLS and H2O2 amounts were high. This could be attributed to an interaction of HLS-TBZ that enhances the solubility of the pollutant. Additional evidence supporting the latter interaction was obtained by fluorescence measurements (excitation emission matrices) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Authors want to acknowledge the financial support of Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (CTQ2015-69832-C04) and European Union (645551-RISE-2014, MAT4TREAT). The present work was partially supported by UNLP (11/X679), ANPCyT (PICT-2015-0374A) and CONICET (PIP: 12-2013-01-00236CO). B. Caram thank the CONICET for his research graduate grant. F. S. Garcia Einschlag is a research member of CONICET.Caram, B.; García-Ballesteros, S.; Santos-Juanes Jordá, L.; Arqués Sanz, A.; Garcia-Einschlag, FS. (2018). Humic like substances for the treatment of scarcely soluble pollutants by mild photo-Fenton process. Chemosphere. 198:139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.074S13914619

Climatic variables and ecological modelling data for birds, amphibians and reptiles in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (Portugal-Spain)

Background: Climate change has been widely accepted as one of the major threats for global biodiversity and understanding its potential effects on species distribution is crucial to optimise conservation planning in future scenarios under global change. Integrating detailed climatic data across spatial and temporal scales into species distribution modelling can help to predict potential changes in biodiversity. Consequently, this type of data can be useful for developing efficient biodiversity management and conservation planning. The provision of such data becomes even more important in highly biodiverse regions, currently suffering from climatic and landscape changes. The Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (BRMI; Portugal-Spain) is one of the most relevant reserves for wildlife in Europe. This highly diverse region is of great ecological and socio-economical interest, suffering from synergistic processes of rural land abandonment and climatic instabilities that currently threaten local biodiversity. Aiming to optimise conservation planning in the Reserve, we provide a complete dataset of historical and future climate models (1 x 1 km) for the BRMI, used to build a series of distribution models for 207 vertebrate species. These models are projected for 2050 under two climate change scenarios. The climatic suitability of 52% and 57% of the species are predicted to decrease under the intermediate and extreme climatic scenarios, respectively. These models constitute framework data for improving local conservation planning in the Reserve, which should be further supported by implementing climate and land-use change factors to increase the accuracy of future predictions of species distributions in the study areaThis research was supported by Portuguese national funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the FirESmart project (PCIF/MOG/0083/2017) and by project INMODES (CGL2017-89999-C2-2-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. AR was supported by the Xunta de Galicia (ED481B2016/084-0) and the IACOBUS programme (INTERREG V-A España–Portugal, POCTEP 2014-2020). This work was also supported by National Funds by FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UIDB/04033/2020S

Unveiling the Dependence between Hydroxyl Radical Generation and Performance of Fenton Systems with Complexed Iron

[EN] Humiclike substances (HLS) have been demonstrated to be useful auxiliaries to drive the (photo)-Fenton process at mild pH, by avoiding iron inactivation via formation of active complexes. However, the actual performance of the process is affected by a manifold of opposite processes. In this work, the generation of hydroxyl radical-like reactive species in the Fentonlike process has been investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance, employing 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide as a probe molecule. The signal obtained with the Fe(II)-HLS-H2O2 system at pH = was very intense but decreased with time, in line with the difficult reduction of the formed Fe(III) to Fe(II). On the contrary, the signal of the Fe(III)-HLS-H2O2 system was weak but stable. The most intense signal was observed at HLS concentration of ca. 30 mg/L. Interestingly, the performance of the Fenton system at pH = 5 to degrade caffeine followed the same trends, although caffeine removal was very low after 1 h of irradiation. The results were more evident in a solar simulated photo-Fenton process, where an increase in the abatement of caffeine was observed until an HLS concentration of 30 mg/L, where 98% removal was reached after 1 h.The authors want to acknowledge the financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (RTI2018-097997-B-C31) and European Union (645551-RISE-2014, MAT4TREAT). P.G.-N. would like to thank Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad for her fellowship (BES-2016-077962).García-Negueroles, P.; García-Ballesteros, S.; Amat Payá, AM.; Laurenti, E.; Arqués Sanz, A.; Santos-Juanes Jordá, L. (2019). Unveiling the Dependence between Hydroxyl Radical Generation and Performance of Fenton Systems with Complexed Iron. ACS Omega. 4(26):21698-21703. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02241S216982170342

LA VINCULACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA DESDE EL MODELO EDUCATIVO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD INTERCULTURAL MAYA DE QUINTANA ROO, MÉXICO

Este trabajo analiza los desafíos actuales de la vinculación universitaria desde los fundamentos pedagógicos del modelo educativo intercultural, propio de la Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo (UIMQROO). En primer lugar, se exponen los fundamentos pedagógicos de la educación universitaria intercultural, desde mediados del siglo XX hasta entrado el siglo veintiuno. Enseguida se estudia la pertinencia del modelo educativo intercultural para efectuar una comunicación y vinculación incluyentes, ligada al contexto y a las comunidades; aquí mismo se describe la metodología que la UIMQROO ha seguido para ello. Finalmente, reflexiona en torno a los retos contemporáneos del modelo educativo intercultural. Palabras-clave: Educación Intercultural, Vinculación Universitaria, Universidad Intercultural, Competencias Interculturales.   The Academic Extension Activities from the education model of the Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo (UIMQRoo), in México Abstract: This paper provides a thorough analysis of the current challenges of the academic extension activities, based on the pedagogical principles of an intercultural education model, especially those related to the UIMQROO values. First, we present the pedagogical principles of the intercultural professional education, which have been developed from the middle of the 20th century up to now. Then, it is analyzed how likely the intercultural education model is to carry out a more inclusive communication and extension activities, according to our local social and natural environment to achieve its sustainable development. Furthermore, we describe the methodology the UIMQROO has put into action to accomplish such achievements. Finally, this paper also provides new theoretical reflections about the contemporary challenges of the intercultural education model. Keywords: Intercultural Education, Workshops about College Extension Activities, College Extension Activities, Intercultural University, Intercultural skills.   A vinculação universitária a partir do modelo educativo da Universidade Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, México Resumo: O presente trabalho analisa os desafios atuais da vinculação universitária a partir dos fundamentos pedagógicos do modelo educativo intercultural, próprio da Universidade Intercultural Maya de Quintana  Roo (UIMQROO). Em primeiro lugar, se expõem os fundamentos pedagógicos da educação universitária intercultural, desde os meados do século XX até começos do século XXI. Em seguida se estuda a pertinência do modelo educativo intercultural para efectuar uma comunicação e ligação inclusiva, ligada ao contexto e às comunidades. Adicionalmente, se descreve a metodologia  seguida pela  UIMQROO para o trabalho. Finalmente, se reflexiona em torno dos desafios contemporâneos do modelo educativo intercultural. Palavras-chave: Educação intercultural, oficinas de envolvimento da comunidade, Extensão Universitária, Universidade intercultural, competências interculturais.   DOI: https://doi.org/10.24317/2358-0399.2017v8i1.313

Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for terrorism victims with very long-term emotional disorders

Background: There are no published studies on the clinical utility of psychotherapy in victims of terrorism who suffer emotional disorders many years after the attacks. Method: A course of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was administered to 50 victims of terrorist attacks that occurred an average of 23 years previously and who presented isolated or concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 74%), major depressive disorder (54%), panic disorder (38%), or other anxiety disorders (38%). Results: According to an intention-to-treat analysis (N=50), these percentages decreased significantly to 24% (PTSD and major depression), 16% (panic disorder) and 14% (other anxiety disorders) at 1-year follow-up. According to a complete data analysis, at posttreatment no victims (n=31) still presented major depressive or panic disorder, only 3.2% presented PTSD and 9.7% presented other anxiety disorders, whereas at 1-year follow-up, no victims presented any disorders (n=22). At posttreatment and at the 1-, 3-, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, large statistically and clinically significant decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology were found (d=1.26 to 2.52 at 1-year follow-up). Conclusions: These results suggest that efficacious treatments for recent victims are also useful in the usual clinical practice for victims with very long-term emotional disorders

Pentachlorophenol Removal from Water by Soybean Peroxidase and Iron(II) Salts Concerted Action

[EN] Soybean peroxidase (SBP) has been employed for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at pH range 5-7. Reaction carried out with 1mg/L of PCP, 4mg/L of H2O2, and 1.3x10(-9)M of SBP showed a fast initial elimination of PCP (ca. 30% in 20min), but the reaction does not go beyond the removal of 50% of the initial concentration of PCP. Modification in SBP and PCP amounts did not change the reaction profile and higher amounts of H2O2 were detrimental for the reaction. Addition of Fe(II) to the system resulted in an acceleration of the process to reach nearly complete PCP removal at pH 5 or 6; this is more probably due to a synergetic effect of the enzymatic process and Fenton reaction. However, experiments developed in tap water resulted in a lower PCP elimination, but this inconvenience can be partly overcome by leaving the tap water overnight in an open vessel before reaction.We want to acknowledge Davide Mainero from Acea Pinerolese for his collaboration in this research. The authors want to thank the financial support of the European Union (PIRSES-GA-2010-269128, EnvironBOS and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange projectH2020-MSCA-RISE-2014, Mat4treaT-project number: 645551) and Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (CTQ2015-69832-C4-4-R). Sara Garcia-Ballesteros would like to thank the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad for her fellowship (BES-2013-066201).Tolardo, V.; García-Ballesteros, S.; Santos-Juanes Jordá, L.; Vercher Pérez, RF.; Amat Payá, AM.; Arqués Sanz, A.; Laurenti, E. (2019). Pentachlorophenol Removal from Water by Soybean Peroxidase and Iron(II) Salts Concerted Action. 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La percepción del impacto de la maternidad y la paternidad en la carrera científica en Ciencias de la Vida en España

La menor representación de las mujeres respecto a los hombres en etapas avanzadas de la carrera científica se ha relacionado con diversos factores, como el tiempo dedicado a la maternidad. Para conocer la percepción del impacto de la maternidad y la paternidad en el desarrollo de la carrera científica en Ciencias de la Vida en España, se ha realizado una encuesta a 324 investigadores. La mayoría de las personas investigadoras perciben que la crianza tiene un efecto negativo en el desarrollo de su carrera, especialmente en la de las mujeres y cuando los hijos son pequeños. En consonancia, las mujeres reducen el tiempo dedicado al trabajo para cuidar de los hijos más que los hombres. Además, más de la mitad de las personas investigadoras declara haber modificado sus planes de natalidad por su carrera científica. Estas personas proponen medidas para la conciliación familiar y laboral que podrían ayudar a mejorar su panorama.Women and men’s representation in advanced stages of the scientific career is unbalanced, a fact that has been related with different factors, namely the time dedicated to motherhood. The perception of the impact of motherhood and fatherhood on the development of the scientific career in Life Sciences in Spain was evaluated through a survey carried out with 324 researchers. Most researchers perceive that parenting has a negative effect on their careers, particularly on women and when the children are young. Female researchers with children have displaced more of their time dedicated to work for activities related to childcare than their male colleagues. Moreover, more than half of the researchers specify that they have modified their plans regarding maternity / paternity due to their careers. Researchers propose several mitigation strategies to improve the balance between parenting and scientific career.Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónComunidad de MadridUniversidad de Alcal