A Cartan-Eilenberg approach to Homotopical Algebra

In this paper we propose an approach to homotopical algebra where the basic ingredient is a category with two classes of distinguished morphisms: strong and weak equivalences. These data determine the cofibrant objects by an extension property analogous to the classical lifting property of projective modules. We define a Cartan-Eilenberg category as a category with strong and weak equivalences such that there is an equivalence between its localization with respect to weak equivalences and the localised category of cofibrant objets with respect to strong equivalences. This equivalence allows us to extend the classical theory of derived additive functors to this non additive setting. The main examples include Quillen model categories and functor categories with a triple, in the last case we find examples in which the class of strong equivalences is not determined by a homotopy relation. Among other applications, we prove the existence of filtered minimal models for \emph{cdg} algebras over a zero-characteristic field and we formulate an acyclic models theorem for non additive functors

Hydrogeological model of Mijas mountain aquifers under different climate conditions (Málaga, Spain)

Carbonate aquifers represent an important source of freshwater, both for urban and agricultural uses. This is particularly true in semiarid regions, where intensive pumping has often led to aquifer overexploitation. One example is the Mijas mountain carbonate diffuse flow system (80 km2), located to the SW of the city of Malaga, Spain. From a geolo-gical standpoint, this area consists of Triassic dolomitic and calcareous rocks, which overlay Palaeozoic metapelites. The geological structure is formed by ESE-WNW folds and the me-tapelites anticlinal cores have divided the study area into four aquifer systems. The recharge of Mijas mountain aquifers comes from direct infiltration of rainfall, while pumping is the main discharge. To improve the knowledge of geological and hydrodynamic parameters, and therefore to improve water resources management, a hydrogeological model has been developed with Processing Modflow 8.0.42. Piezometric level and spring flows have been modelled, under steady and transient-flow conditions for a 35-year period. Five future scenarios were simulated for different rainfall and pumping conditions. Outcomes confirm that the water level evolution is determined by the quantity and distribution of rainfall during the hydrological year, with the same pumping rate. The results also suggest that current trends are likely to raise sustainability issues in the future.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Brazilian trade policy: a successful model impacting the role of developing countries withing the World Trade Organization

Our world economy is constantly changing and within the process, new market players have started emerging and transforming international trade relations. Furthermore, multilateral organizations have become more important than ever for developed and developing countries as common forums to discuss international treaties and to resolve trade disputes. Within this context, Brazil in particular has experienced a positive transformation of its economy during the last 40 years, and has now become a new economic power guiding emerging economies in their strategic use of the international trade legal system. This study analyzes three particular issues that are common to developing countries within the World Trade Organization (WTO): agricultural subsidies, anti-dumping, and the TRIPS Agreement, with a particular focus on the negotiation process with developed countries and the various outcomes obtained. The study illustrates Brazil’s influence on the role of the developing countries in light of each of the common issues examined, by presenting examples of trade disputes taken before the WTO where Brazil has had direct participation and obtained a positive result. This paper argues that the WTO continues to be an agent for economic development given its platform to provide the third world with the opportunity to both discuss trade agreements at an international level, and to participate in a neutral system for trade dispute settlement. In addition, this paper recognizes that the WTO remains a strategic option to influence global international trade as with the example of Brazil. While this study highlights the fact that Brazil has achieved particular milestones on its own and as a result has helped develop the role of emerging economies within the international trade arena, it also emphasizes the need for each of the developing countries to confront their own specific challenges in order to realize economic development, as Brazil did. Brazil has been and can be a great example for the developing world within the WTO framework, but it certainly is not the only solution to all developing world problems

Assessing water availability in Mediterranean regions affected by water conflicts through MODIS data time series analysis

Water scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi-arid regions such as the western Mediterranean coastal areas. The irregularity of the precipitation generates frequent droughts that exacerbate the conflicts among agriculture, water supply and water demands for ecosystems maintenance. Besides, global climate models predict that climate change will cause Mediterranean arid and semi-arid regions to shift towards lower rainfall scenarios that may exacerbate water conflicts. The purpose of this study is to find a feasible methodology to assess current and monitor future water demands in order to better allocate limited water resources. The interdependency between a vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), precipitation (current and future), and surface water resources availability in two watersheds in southeastern Spain with serious difficulties in meeting water demands was investigated. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI and LST products (as proxy of drought), precipitation maps (generated from climate station records) and reservoir storage gauging information were used to compute times series anomalies from 2001 to 2014 and generate regression images and spatial regression models. The temporal relationship between reservoir storage and time series of satellite images allowed the detection of different and contrasting water management practices in the two watersheds. In addition, a comparison of current precipitation rates and future precipitation conditions obtained from global climate models suggests high precipitation reductions, especially in areas that have the potential to contribute significantly to groundwater storage and surface runoff, and are thus critical to reservoir storage. Finally, spatial regression models minimized spatial autocorrelation effects, and their results suggested the great potential of our methodology combining NDVI and LST time series to predict future scenarios of water scarcity.Published versio

Multi-Scale Host-Aware Modeling for Analysis and Tuning of Synthetic Gene Circuits for Bioproduction

[ES] Esta Tesis ha sido dedicada al modelado multiescala considerando al anfitrión celular para el análisis y ajuste de circuitos genéticos sintéticos para bioproducción. Los objetivos principales fueron: 1. El desarrollo de un modelo que considere el anfitrión celular de tamaño reducido enfocado para simulación y análisis. 2. El desarrollo de herramientas de programación para el modelado y la simulación, orientada a la biología sintética. 3. La implementación de un modelo multiescala que considere las escalas relevantes para la bioproducción (biorreactor, célula y circuito sintético). 4. El análisis del controlador antitético considerando las interacciones célula-circuito, como ejemplo de aplicación de las herramientas desarrolladas. 5. El desarrollo y la validación experimental de leyes de control robusto para biorreactores continuos. El trabajo presentado en esta Tesis cubre las tres escalas del proceso de bioproducción. La primera escala es el biorreactor: esta escala considera la dinámica macroscópica del sustrato y la biomasa, y como estas dinámica se conecta con el estado interno de las células. La segunda escala es la célula anfitriona: esta escala considera la dinámica interna de la célula y la competencia por los recursos limitados compartidos para la expresión de proteínas. La tercera escala es el circuito genético sintético: esta escala considera la dinámica de expresión de los circuitos sintéticos exógenos y la carga que inducen en la célula anfitriona. Por último, como > escala, parte de la Tesis se ha dedicado a desarrollar herramientas de software para el modelado y la simulación. Este documento se divide en siete capítulos. El Capítulo 1 es una introducción general al trabajo de la Tesis y su justificación; también presenta un mapa visual de la Tesis y enumera las principales contribuciones. El Capítulo 2 muestra el desarrollo del modelo del anfitrión celular (los Capítulos 4 y 5 hacen uso de este modelo para sus simulaciones). El Capítulo 3 presenta OneModel: una herramienta de software desarrollada en la Tesis que facilita el modelado y la simulación en biología sintética, en particular, facilita el uso del modelo del anfitrión celular. El Capítulo 4 utiliza el modelo del anfitrión celular para montar el modelo multiescala que considera el biorreactor y analiza el título, la productividad y el rendimiento en la expresión de una proteína exógena. El Capítulo 5 analiza un circuito más complejo, el recientemente propuesto y muy citado controlador biomolecular antitético, utilizando el modelo del anfitrión celular. El Capítulo 6 muestra el diseño de estrategias de control no lineal que permiten controlar la concentración de biomasa en un biorreactor continuo de forma robusta. El Capítulo 7 resume y presenta las principales conclusiones de la Tesis. En el Apéndice A se muestra el desarrollo teórico del modelo del anfitrión celular. Esta Tesis destaca la importancia de estudiar la carga celular en los sistemas biológicos, ya que estos efectos son muy notables y generan interacciones entre circuitos aparentemente independientes. La Tesis proporciona herramientas para modelar, simular y diseñar circuitos genéticos sintéticos teniendo en cuenta estos efectos de carga y permite el desarrollo de modelos que conecten estos fenómenos en los circuitos genéticos sintéticos, que van desde la dinámica intracelular de la expresión génica hasta la dinámica macroscópica de la población de células dentro del biorreactor.[CA] Aquesta Tesi tracta del modelat multiescala considerant l'amfitrió ce\lgem ular per a l'anàlisi i ajust de circuits genètics sintètics per a bioproducció. Els objectius principals van ser: 1. El desenvolupament d'un model de grandària reduïda que considere l'amfitrió ce\lgem ular, enfocat al seu ús en simulació i anàlisi. 2. El desenvolupament d'eines de programari per al modelatge i la simulació, orientada a la biologia sintètica. 3. La implementació d'un model multiescala que considere les escales rellevants per a la bioproducció (bioreactor, cè\lgem ula i circuit sintètic). 4. L'anàlisi del controlador antitètic considerant les interacciones cè\lgem ula-circuit, com a exemple d'aplicació de les eines desenvolupades. 5. El desenvolupament i la validació experimental de lleis de control robust per a bioreactors continus. El treball presentat en aquesta Tesi cobreix les tres escales del procés de bioproducció. La primera escala és el bioreactor: aquesta escala considera la dinàmica macroscòpica del substrat i la biomassa, i com aquestes dinàmiques es connecten amb l'estat intern de les cè\lgem ules. La segona escala és la cè\lgem ula amfitriona: aquesta escala considera la dinàmica interna de la cè\lgem ula i la competència pels recursos limitats compartits per a l'expressió de proteïnes. La tercera escala és la del circuit genètic sintètic: aquesta escala considera la dinàmica d'expressió de circuits sintètics exógens i la càrrega que indueixen en la cè\lgem ula amfitriona. Finalment, com a > escala, part de la Tesi s'ha dedicat a desenvolupar eines de programari per al modelatge i la simulació. Aquest document es divideix en set capítols. El Capítol 1 és una introducció general al treball de la Tesi i la seua justificació; també presenta un mapa visual de la Tesi i enumera les principals contribucions. El Capítol 2 mostra el desenvolupament del model de l'amfitrió ce\lgem ular (els Capítols 4 i 5 fan ús d'aquest model per a les seues simulacions). El Capítol 3 presenta OneModel: una eina de programari desenvolupada en la Tesi que facilita el modelatge i la simulació en biologia sintètica, en particular, facilita l'ús del model de l'amfitrió ce\lgem ular. El Capítol 4 utilitza el model de l'amfitrió ce\lgem ular per a muntar el model multiescala que considera el bioreactor i analitza el títol, la productivitat i el rendiment en l'expressió d'una proteïna exògena. El Capítol 5 analitza un circuit més complex, el recentment proposat i molt citat controlador biomolecular antitètic, utilitzant el model de l'amfitrió ce\lgem ular. El Capítol 6 mostra el disseny d'estratègies de control no lineal que permeten controlar la concentració de biomassa en un bioreactor continu de manera robusta. El Capítol 7 resumeix i presenta les principals conclusions de la Tesi. En l'Apèndix A es mostra el desenvolupament teòric del model de l'amfitrió ce\lgem ular. Aquesta Tesi destaca la importància d'estudiar la càrrega ce\lgem ular en els sistemes biològics, ja que aquests efectes són molt notables i generen interaccions entre circuits aparentment independents. La Tesi proporciona eines per a modelar, simular i dissenyar circuits genètics sintètics tenint en compte aquests efectes de càrrega i permet el desenvolupament de models que connecten aquests fenòmens en els circuits genètics sintètics, que van des de la dinàmica intrace\lgem ular de l'expressió gènica fins a la dinàmica macroscòpica de la població de cè\lgem ules dins del bioreactor.[EN] This Thesis was devoted to the multi-scale host-aware analysis and tuning of synthetic gene circuits for bioproduction. The main objectives were: 1. The development of a reduced-size host-aware model for simulation and analysis purposes. 2. The development of a software toolbox for modeling and simulation, oriented to synthetic biology. 3. The implementation of a multi-scale model that considers the scales relevant to bioproduction (bioreactor, cell, and synthetic circuit). 4. The host-aware analysis of the antithetic controller, as an example of the application of the developed tools. 5. The development and experimental validation of robust control laws for continuous bioreactors. The work presented in this Thesis covers the three scales of the bioproduction process. The first scale is the bioreactor: this scale considers the macroscopic substrate and biomass dynamics and how these dynamics connect to the internal state of the cells. The second scale is the host cell: this scale considers the internal dynamics of the cell and the competition for limited shared resources for protein expression. The third scale is the synthetic genetic circuit: this scale considers the dynamics of expressing exogenous synthetic circuits and the burden they induce on the host cell. Finally, as a > scale, part of the Thesis was devoted to developing software tools for modeling and simulation. This document is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 is an overall introduction to the Thesis work and its justification; it also presents a visual map of the Thesis and lists the main contributions. Chapter 2 shows the development of the host-aware model (Chapters 4 and 5 make use of this model for their simulations). Chapter 3 presents OneModel: a software tool developed in the Thesis that facilitates modeling and simulation for synthetic biology---in particular, it facilitates the use of the host-aware model---. Chapter 4 uses the host-aware model to assemble the multi-scale model considering the bioreactor and analyzes the titer, productivity (rate), and yield in expressing an exogenous protein. Chapter 5 analyzes a more complex circuit, the recently proposed and highly cited antithetic biomolecular controller, using the host-aware model. Chapter 6 shows the design of nonlinear control strategies that allow controlling the concentration of biomass in a continuous bioreactor in a robust way. Chapter 7 summarizes and presents the main conclusions of the Thesis. Appendix A shows the theoretical development of the host-aware model. This Thesis emphasizes the importance of studying cell burden in biological systems since these effects are very noticeable and generate interactions between seemingly unconnected circuits. The Thesis provides tools to model, simulate and design synthetic genetic circuits taking into account these burden effects and allowing the development of models that connect phenomena in synthetic genetic circuits, ranging from the intracelullar dynamics of gene expression to the macroscopic dynamics of the population of cells inside the bioreactor.This research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 grant number PID2020-117271RB-C21, and MINECO/AEI, EU grant number DPI2017-82896- C2-1-R. The author was recipient of the grant “Programa para la Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) de la Universitat Politècnica de València — Subprograma 1 (PAID-01-2017)”. The author was also a grantee of the predoctoral stay “Ayudas para Movilidad de Estudiantes de Doctorado de la Universitat Politècnica de València 2019”. The Control Theory and Systems Biology Lab of the ETH Zürich is acknowledged for accepting the author in their facilities as predoctoral stay and their valuable collaboration sharing knowledge.Santos Navarro, FN. (2022). Multi-Scale Host-Aware Modeling for Analysis and Tuning of Synthetic Gene Circuits for Bioproduction [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183473Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorale

Screening and Evaluation of Essential Oils from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants against the Mushroom Cobweb Disease, Cladobotryum mycophilum

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to synthetic fungicides used in the control of cobweb disease of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum. The EOs used were obtained by hydrodistillation from five Mediterranean aromatic species (Lavandula × intermedia, Salvia lavandulifolia, Satureja montana, Thymus mastichina, and Thymus vulgaris), analyzed by gas chromatography, and tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against C. mycophilum. In vitro bioassays showed that the EOs obtained from T. vulgaris and S. montana (ED50 = 35.5 and 42.8 mg L−1, respectively) were the most effective EOs for inhibiting the mycelial growth of C. mycophilum, and were also the most selective EOs between C. mycophilum and A. bisporus. The in vivo efficacy of T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at two different concentrations (0.5 and 1%) were evaluated in two mushroom growing trials with C. mycophilum inoculation. The treatments involving T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at the higher dose (1% concentration) were as effective as fungicide treatment. The effect of these EOs on mushroom productivity was tested in a mushroom cropping trial without inoculation. They had a strong fungitoxic effect at the first flush. However, a compensatory effect was observed by the end of the crop cycle and no differences were observed in biological efficiency between treatments. The main compounds found were carvacrol and p-cymene for S. montana, and p-cymene and thymol for T. vulgaris. These results suggest that T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs may be useful products to manage cobweb disease if used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program

El acuerdo para la mejora del crecimiento y el empleo en la perspectiva económica

El análisis económico del último gran pacto social en materia de mercado de trabajo, observado desde la perspectiva su incardinación en el contexto de otros acuerdos y reformas precedentes, así como de las reformas que aún pueden considerarse pendientes, es el objetivo principal de este trabajo. En ese sentido, quizás el primer dato a destacar es el del papel de la concertación social, en términos de estabilidad política y social, en cuanto que torna en elemento preciso para afianzar una dinámica de crecimiento continuado de la formación bruta de capital, vía atracción de inversiones externas o vía estimulo al ahorro interno. Desde un punto de vista objetivo o material, la temporalidad —la lucha contra el exceso peso de la misma—, que ha sido la transformación más importante en las relaciones laborales en los últimos 20 años del siglo pasado y que caracterizó la evolución del mercado de trabajo español, se constituye en el eje vertebrador de la reforma, más que la propia creación de empleo. Pero también cabe resaltar, pese a que no se trata de una reforma integral, que cabe esperar que efectos del nuevo marco regulatorio se extiendan a su vez sobre la dinámica de la productividad, en la medida en que el encarecimiento relativo en el uso del trabajo temporal lleve a una búsqueda de recortes de los cotes laborales a través de mejoras en el rendimiento del trabajo. De obtenerse tales resultados, cabría hablar de un éxito importante en la aplicación del acuerdo. Como punto de conclusión se ha de señalar en todo caso que todavía es pronto para poder hacer valoraciones sobre las consecuencias que la puesta en marcha del acuerdo para la mejora del crecimiento y el empleo. Hacer previsiones sobre su evolución futura es deslizarse por un terreno resbaladizo. El fuerte crecimiento del empleo que se ha puesto de manifiesto en la última década ha estado enmarcado en un entorno general de estabilidad económica de reducción de inflación y de tipos de interés en relación a la puesta en marcha del euro como moneda única. Las circunstancias del entorno ha cambiado en los últimos años y el fenómeno más relevante que se está produciendo en la economía y sociedad española de la última década es el creciente fenómeno inmigratorio. Los efectos de la incorporación de estos trabajadores a las nuevas condiciones del mercado laboral repercutirán en los resultados del acuerdo que aquí hemos recogido

Moduli spaces and formal operads

Let Mg,l be the moduli space of stable algebraic curves of genus g with l marked points. With the operations which relate the different moduli spaces identifying marked points, the family (Mg,l)g,l is a modular operad of projective smooth Deligne-Mumford stacks, M. In this paper we prove that the modular operad of singular chains C?(M;Q) is formal; so it is weakly equivalent to the modular operad of its homology H?(M;Q). As a consequence, the “up to homotopy” algebras of these two operads are the same. To obtain this result we prove a formality theorem for operads analogous to Deligne-Grifiths-Morgan-Sullivan formality theorem, the existence of minimal models of modular operads, and a characterization of formality for operads which shows that formality is independent of the ground field