Automatic calibration of the SHETRAN hydrological modelling system using MSCE

Automatic calibration is preferred because it provides an objective and extensive searching in the feasible parameter space. In this study, the Modified Shuffled Complex Evolution (MSCE) optimization algorithm is applied to automatically calibrate the physically-based spatially-distributed hydrological model SHETRAN in the 705-km2 semi-arid Cobres basin in southern Portugal, with a spatial resolution of 2 km and a temporal resolution of 1 h. Twenty-two parameters are calibrated for the main types of land-use and soil. Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) is 0.86 for calibration and 0.74 for validation for basin outlet; NSE is respectively 0.65 and 0.82 for calibration, 0.69 and 0.63 for validation of internal gauging stations Albernoa and Entradas. As for storm events, NSE is 0.87 and 0.64 respectively for Storms No.1 (during the calibration period) and No.4 (during the validation period) at basin outlet; it is 0.69 and 0.65 for Storm No.4 respectively at Albernoa andEntradas. The results are satisfactory not only for basin outlet but also for internal gauging stations

Mudanças espaço temporal da disponibilidade de serviços ecossistêmicos em uma microbacia hidrográfica do nordeste brasileiro. Spatial and temporal changes of the ecosystem services availability in a microwatershed in Northeast Brazil.

A mudança no uso e ocupação da terra altera a dinâmica de ecossistemas e afeta a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos, que são a base para a manutenção da vida e do bem-estar físico, mental e espiritual humano. Nesse contexto, o estabelecimento humano em países em desenvolvimento ocorreu, de modo geral, de forma desordenada e sem planejamento, ocasionando deterioração ambiental. No nordeste brasileiro, onde o recurso hídrico é escasso, as aglomerações humanas tendem a ocorrer próximas à rede hídrica, elevando a pressão antrópica sobre esse recurso. Este trabalho analisa as alterações na provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos na Microbacia Hidrográfica Riacho das Piabas, Paraíba, Brasil, associadas a mudanças do uso e ocupação da terra entre os anos de 1989, 2007 e 2014. Mudanças no uso e ocupação da terra foram identificadas e quantificadas por meio de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e sistema de informação geográfica. Os serviços ecossistêmicos foram analisados por meio de média de valor monetário estimado de serviço ecossistêmico (VSE) disponível na literatura, utilizando o método de transferência de benefício. Em 1989, o valor total de serviço ecossistêmico foi estimado em US$7,18 milhões, reduzindo para US$ 3,73 milhões em 2007 e US$ 2,72 milhões em 2014. Houve aumento de 115% de área construída entre 1989 e 2014, resultando em redução de serviços ecossistêmicos de 62% entre os anos de 1989 e 2014. O declínio do VSE reflete o impacto negativo do processo de urbanização na manutenção de serviços ecossistêmicos, sobretudo os ofertados pela vegetação. A categoria vegetação arbórea foi a mais valiosa para a área de estudo, disponibilizando maior número de funções ecossistêmicas com alto VSE. Entretanto, foi a categoria que mais perdeu área ao longo dos anos. Portanto, é fundamental planejar, criar e manter áreas verdes para minorar os impactos do processo de urbanização na provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos

Carbon-supported trimetallic catalysts (PdAuNi/C) for borohydride oxidation reaction

The synthesis of palladium-based trimetallic catalysts via a facile and scalable synthesis procedure was shown to yield highly promising materials for borohydride-based fuel cells, which are attractive for use in compact environments. This, thereby, provides a route to more environmentally friendly energy storage and generation systems. Carbon-supported trimetallic catalysts were herein prepared by three different routes: using a NaBH4-ethylene glycol complex (PdAuNi/CSBEG), a NaBH4-2-propanol complex (PdAuNi/CSBIPA), and a three-step route (PdAuNi/C3-step). Notably, PdAuNi/CSBIPA yielded highly dispersed trimetallic alloy particles, as determined by XRD, EDX, ICP-OES, XPS, and TEM. The activity of the catalysts for borohydride oxidation reaction was assessed by cyclic voltammetry and RDE-based procedures, with results referenced to a Pd/C catalyst. A number of exchanged electrons close to eight was obtained for PdAuNi/C3-step and PdAuNi/CSBIPA (7.4 and 7.1, respectively), while the others, PdAuNi/CSBEG and Pd/CSBIPA, presented lower values, 2.8 and 1.2, respectively. A direct borohydride-peroxide fuel cell employing PdAuNi/CSBIPA catalyst in the anode attained a power density of 47.5 mW cm−2 at room temperature, while the elevation of temperature to 75 °C led to an approximately four-fold increase in power density to 175 mW cm−2. Trimetallic catalysts prepared via this synthesis route have significant potential for future development

Bispectral Index In Calves Anesthetized With Xylazine, Midazolam, Ketamine, Isoflurane And Subjected To Continuous Rate Infusion Of Lidocaine

PURPOSE: To assess the bispectral index (BIS) and recovery in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane and subjected to CRI of lidocaine. METHODS: Xilazine was administered followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane using mechanical ventilation. Lidocaine (2 mg kg-1 bolus) or saline (0.9%) was administered IV followed by a CRI (100 μg kg-1 minute-1) of lidocaine (L) or saline (C). Were recorded BIS, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rectal temperature (RT) before administration of premedication (TB) and 15 minutes after (TX), before administering lidocaine (T0) and 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the start of the CRI. Time do sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) and plasma lidocaine concentration also evaluated. RESULTS: In both treatments BIS decreased significantly at all times compared to TB. TX was higher than the subsequent times. HR decreased from baseline at all times and decreased from T40 in L compared to C. SRE was higher in L compared to C. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index values were consistent with the degree of hypnosis of the animals. Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso. 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