Social Entrepreneurship that Truly Benefits the Poor: An Integrative Justice Approach

El espectacular crecimiento de los emprendimientos sociales en la última década ha demostrado hábilmente cómo la tecnología, la innovación y el espíritu emprendedor pueden permitirse mejores soluciones a los problemas sociales y ambientales acuciantes de nuestro tiempo que los esfuerzos basados en la ayuda tradicional y la caridad. En la mayoría de los casos, pero no siempre, los pobres y los desfavorecidos se han beneficiado del crecimiento de los emprendimientos sociales. Con el fin de garantizar que el emprendimiento social realmente beneficia a los pobres, es imprescindible que haya guías normativas para la participación justa y equitativa con las poblaciones empobrecidas. Un modelo que ha sido presentado en la literatura de marketing y política pública es el modelo de justicia integrada (MJI) para las poblaciones empobrecidas. Mientras que el MJI se desarrolló principalmente en el contexto de las empresas multinacionales (EMN) que operan en mercados emergentes, su aplicabilidad se extiende más allá de las EMN. Este artículo trata de aplicar los principios del MJI en el contexto del emprendimiento social a fin de proporcionar a las organizaciones sociales emprendedoras (OSE) de un marco normativo destinado a garantizar que los pobres realmente se benefician de sus actividades. En base a este marco, el artículo sugiere algunas áreas a las que las OSE debe prestar especial atención en su práctica. El artículo también presenta algunas sugerencias para investigaciones futuras.The phenomenal growth of social entrepreneurship over the last decade has ably demonstrated how technology, innovation, and an entrepreneurial spirit can afford better solutions to the vexing social and environmental problems of our time than can traditional aid and charity- based efforts. In most cases, but not always, the poor and disadvantaged have benefited from the growth of social entrepreneurship. In order to ensure that social entrepreneurship does indeed benefit the poor, it is imperative that there be normative guidelines for fair and just engagement with impoverished populations. A model that has been presented in the marketing and public policy literature is the integrative justice model (IJM) for impoverished populations. While the IJM was developed primarily in the context of multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in emerging markets, its applicability extends beyond MNCs. This article attempts to apply the IJM principles in the context of social entrepreneurship in order to provide social entrepreneurial organizations (SEOs) with a normative framework aimed at ensuring that the poor truly benefit from their activities. Based on this framework, the article suggests certain areas to which SEOs ought to be particularly attentive in their practice. The article also makes some suggestions for further research.

The Papal Encyclical Laudato Si’

This article seeks to reflect upon Laudato Si’, the papal encyclical on ecology and sustainable development, and uncover its apparent philosophical and practical approach to the environment. It begins with a discussion of paradigms of thought that outline the new ecological paradigm (NEP) suggested in the ecological literature, thereby helping to situate the ecosophy of Laudato Si’ within current thought. As we will show, Laudato Si’ differs from the NEP by linking the poor to our approach to sustainability and in its consideration of integral ecology. Specific principles for sustainability in business are then identified and strategic approaches are recommended, as are guidelines for an eco-justice approach to business and business education

Low-field magnetoresistance in GaAs 2D holes

We report low-field magnetotransport data in two-dimensional hole systems in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures and quantum wells, in a large density range, $2.5 \times 10^{10} \leq p \leq 4.0 \times 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$, with primary focus on samples grown on (311)A GaAs substrates. At high densities, $p \gtrsim 1 \times 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$, we observe a remarkably strong positive magnetoresistance. It appears in samples with an anisotropic in-plane mobility and predominantly along the low-mobility direction, and is strongly dependent on the perpendicular electric field and the resulting spin-orbit interaction induced spin-subband population difference. A careful examination of the data reveals that the magnetoresistance must result from a combination of factors including the presence of two spin-subbands, a corrugated quantum well interface which leads to the mobility anisotropy, and possibly weak anti-localization. None of these factors can alone account for the observed positive magnetoresistance. We also present the evolution of the data with density: the magnitude of the positive magnetoresistance decreases with decreasing density until, at the lowest density studied ($p = 2.5 \times 10^{10}$ cm$^{-2}$), it vanishes and is replaced by a weak negative magnetoresistance.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Mapping arctic tundra vegetation communities using field spectroscopy and multispectral satellite data in North Alaska, USA

The Arctic is currently undergoing intense changes in climate; vegetation composition and productivity are expected to respond to such changes. To understand the impacts of climate change on the function of Arctic tundra ecosystems within the global carbon cycle, it is crucial to improve the understanding of vegetation distribution and heterogeneity at multiple scales. Information detailing the fine-scale spatial distribution of tundra communities provided by high resolution vegetation mapping, is needed to understand the relative contributions of and relationships between single vegetation community measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes (e.g., ~1 m chamber flux) and those encompassing multiple vegetation communities (e.g., ~300 m eddy covariance measurements). The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine whether dominant Arctic tundra vegetation communities found in different locations are spectrally distinct and distinguishable using field spectroscopy methods; and (2) to test which combination of raw reflectance and vegetation indices retrieved from field and satellite data resulted in accurate vegetation maps and whether these were transferable across locations to develop a systematic method to map dominant vegetation communities within larger eddy covariance tower footprints distributed along a 300 km transect in northern Alaska. We showed vegetation community separability primarily in the 450-510 nm, 630-690 nm and 705-745 nm regions of the spectrum with the field spectroscopy data. This is line with the different traits of these arctic tundra communities, with the drier, often non-vascular plant dominated communities having much higher reflectance in the 450-510 nm and 630-690 nm regions due to the lack of photosynthetic material, whereas the low reflectance values of the vascular plant dominated communities highlight the strong light absorption found here. High classification accuracies of 92% to 96% were achieved using linear discriminant analysis with raw and rescaled spectroscopy reflectance data and derived vegetation indices. However, lower classification accuracies (~70%) resulted when using the coarser 2.0 m WorldView-2 data inputs. The results from this study suggest that tundra vegetation communities are separable using plot-level spectroscopy with hand-held sensors. These results also show that tundra vegetation mapping can be scaled from the plot level (<1 m) to patch level (<500 m) using spectroscopy data rescaled to match the wavebands of the multispectral satellite remote sensing. We find that developing a consistent method for classification of vegetation communities across the flux tower sites is a challenging process, given thespatial variability in vegetation communities and the need for detailed vegetation survey data for training and validating classification algorithms. This study highlights the benefits of using fine-scale field spectroscopy measurements to obtain tundra vegetation classifications for landscape analyses and use in carbon flux scaling studies. Improved understanding of tundra vegetation distributions will also provide necessary insight into the ecological processes driving plant community assemblages in Arctic environments

Environmental Impact of Phosphogypsum-Derived Building Materials

The aim of the present work was to characterize the products obtained from the treatment of phosphogypsum residue by means of two recovery routes, and also to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides in the materials obtained and their leachates. In this way, it is possible to determine how the most hazardous components of phosphogypsum behave during procedures until their stabilization through CO(2)fixation. This study provides an initial estimate of the possibilities of reusing the resulting products from a health and safety risk standpoint and their potential polluting capacity. The phases resulting from the transformations were controlled, and the behaviour of standard mortars manufactured from the resulting paste lime was studied. In all cases, an additional control of the leachate products was performed

Purely-long-range bound states of He(2s3S)+(2s ^3S)+He(2p3P)(2p ^3P)

We predict the presence and positions of purely-long-range bound states of $^4$He$(2s ^3S)+{}^4$He$(2p ^3P)$ near the $2s ^3S_1+2p ^3P_{0,1}$ atomic limits. The results of the full multichannel and approximate models are compared, and we assess the sensitivity of the bound states to atomic parameters characterizing the potentials. Photoassociation to these purely-long-range molecular bound states may improve the knowledge of the scattering length associated with the collisions of two ultracold spin-polarized $^4$He$(2s ^3S)$ atoms, which is important for studies of Bose-Einstein condensates.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

El análisis lingüístico en la evolución mundial de los medios de comunicación

El artículo «L’analisi linguistica nell’evoluzione mondiale dei mezzi di comunicazione» de Padre Roberto Busa, pionero de las Humanidades Digitales, fue publicado en origen en el volumen Almanacco Bompiani: Le applicazioni dei calcolatori elettronici alle scienze morali e alla letteratura de 1962. A pesar de que el texto fue escrito en una fase preliminar de tales estudios, en que la aplicación de la informática al análisis de las lenguas y literaturas parecía todavía un sueño inalcanzable, la lúcida mirada del jesuita italiano constituye a nuestra manera de ver aún hoy en día un punto de interés para valorar la evolución y los retos futuros en el campo de las Humanidades Digitales. Presentamos aquí la traducción española del artículo con el fin de rescatar las palabras de Padre Busa y ponerlas nuevamente al alcance de un amplio número de lectores.The article «L’analisi linguistica nell’evoluzione mondiale dei mezzi di comunicazione» by Fr. Roberto Busa, a pioneer of the Digital Humanities, was originally published in the volume Almanacco Bompiani: Le applicazioni dei calcolatori elettronici alle scienze morali e alla letteratura of 1962. Despite the fact that the text was written in a preliminary phase of such studies, in which the application of informatics to the analysis of languages and literatures still seemed an unattainable dream, the lucid gaze of the Italian Jesuit in our opinion constitutes even today an observation point of interest to assess the evolution and future challenges in the Digital Humanities field. We present here the Spanish translation of the article with the intention of rescuing the words of Fr. Busa and making them available to a broader number of readers

Ab initio calculation of the KRb dipole moments

The relativistic configuration interaction valence bond method has been used to calculate permanent and transition electric dipole moments of the KRb heteronuclear molecule as a function of internuclear separation. The permanent dipole moment of the ground state $X^1\Sigma^+$ potential is found to be 0.30(2) $ea_0$ at the equilibrium internuclear separation with excess negative charge on the potassium atom. For the $a^3\Sigma^+$ potential the dipole moment is an order of magnitude smaller (1 $ea_0=8.47835 10^{-30}$ Cm) In addition, we calculate transition dipole moments between the two ground-state and excited-state potentials that dissociate to the K(4s)+Rb(5p) limits. Using this data we propose a way to produce singlet $X^1\Sigma^+$ KRb molecules by a two-photon Raman process starting from an ultracold mixture of doubly spin-polarized ground state K and Rb atoms. This Raman process is only allowed due to relativistic spin-orbit couplings and the absence of gerade/ungerade selection rules in heteronuclear dimers.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure

Entanglement, quantum phase transition and scaling in XXZ chain

Motivated by recent development in quantum entanglement, we study relations among concurrence $C$, SU$_q$(2) algebra, quantum phase transition and correlation length at the zero temperature for the XXZ chain. We find that at the SU(2) point, the ground state possess the maximum concurrence. When the anisotropic parameter $\Delta$ is deformed, however, its value decreases. Its dependence on $\Delta$ scales as $C=C_0-C_1(\Delta-1)^2$ in the XY metallic phase and near the critical point (i.e. $1<\Delta<1.3$) of the Ising-like insulating phase. We also study the dependence of $C$ on the correlation length $\xi$, and show that it satisfies $C=C_0-1/2\xi$ near the critical point. For different size of the system, we show that there exists a universal scaling function of $C$ with respect to the correlation length $\xi$.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. to appear in Phys. Rev.