Technological games and the insertion of Embraer face a new family of aircraft for commercial aviation

The objective of this paper is to present in summary form the dilemma that was placed in commercial aviation sector, about the insertion of new technologies and the entrance of new firms passed along the year of 2011.The emphasis is the position held by Embraer in this new scene, face to a double challenge that now appears: how to keep its prominent position in the segment that it leads (from 61 to 120 seats), upon the arrival of new competitors; and how to consider the possibility of stepping in a new segment which is historically led by the duopoly Airbus-Boeing (superior to 120 seats). The theoretical framework seeks to articulate these questions to Game Theory, instrument used by microeconomics to analyze the strategies of competitors companies in the sector and their decision making directly related and influenced by the opponent decision making. The decisions taken subsequently led Embraer to promote changes in aircraft engines of the E-Jet family, aiming to maintain the leadership in the segment, while the possibility of entering into a new segment was discarded.O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar o dilema sucedido no setor de fabricantes de aeronaves para a aviação comercial referente à inserção de novas tecnologias e o ingresso de novas empresas neste mercado ao longo do ano de 2011. Destacamos a questão da posição ocupada pela empresa Embraer neste cenário diante do duplo desafio que se apresentou: como manter sua posição de destaque no segmento em que já era líder (de 61 a 120 assentos), mediante a chegada de novos concorrentes; e, por outro lado, ponderar a possibilidade de ingressar em um novo segmento que historicamente é dominado pelo duopólio Airbus-Boeing (superior a 120 assentos). O arcabouço teórico busca articular tais questões à Teoria dos Jogos, instrumental utilizado para analisar as estratégias das empresas concorrentes no setor e suas tomadas de decisões diretamente relacionadas e influenciadas pelas tomadas de decisões dos adversários. As decisões posteriormente efetivadas levaram a Embraer a promover mudanças nos motores das aeronaves da família E-Jet, visando a manutenção da liderança no segmento, ao passo que a possibilidade de ingresso em um novo segmento foi descartada.23526

“Joga pedra na Geni...”: a violência, vitimização e relações de poder em torno da morte de travestis

Through the analysis of the emblematic case involving thedeath of the transvestite Dandara, the present work aims to understand the facts that are present in the death of numerous LGBT in Brazil. For that, we analyzed the comments of pages that spread the news of the death of Dandara on Facebook, from which arose categories of analysis. Through the problematization of such categories it is intended to understand the power relations that surround the victim and to show constitutive reciprocities, that is, the convergence of relations of class, gender, sexuality, race and criminalization. It also aims to understand how such an intersection constitutes the people who are within suchrelationships as victims, demonstrating how transvestites and transsexuals are at the forefront of LGBT lethal violence.Através da análise do caso emblemático envolvendo a morte da travesti Dandara, o presente trabalho objetiva compreender os fatos que estão presentes na morte de inúmeros LGBT no Brasil. Para tal, analisou-se os comentários de páginas que divulgaram a notícia da morte de Dandara no Facebook, das quais surgiram categorias de análise. Através da problematização de tais categorias pretende-se compreender as relações de poder que circundam a vítima e evidenciar as reciprocidades constitutivas, isto é, a convergência das relações de classe, gênero, sexualidade, raça e criminalização. Objetiva-se ainda entender como tal intersecção constitui as pessoas que estão dentro de tais relações como vítimas, demonstrando como travestis e transexuais estão na linha de frente da violência letal contra LGBT

TNF-TNFR1 signaling enhances the protection against Neospora caninum infection

Neospora caninum is a protozoan associated with abortions in ruminants and neuromuscular disease in dogs. Classically, the immune response against apicomplexan parasites is characterized by the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF. TNF is mainly produced during the acute phases of the infections and binds to TNF receptor 1 (CD120a, p55, TNFR1) activating a variety of cells, hence playing an important role in the induction of the inflammatory process against diverse pathogens. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of TNF in cellular and humoral immune responses during N. caninum infection. For this purpose, we used a mouse model of infection based on wildtype (WT) and genetically deficient C57BL/6 mice in TNFR1 (Tnfr1-/-). We observed that Tnfr1-/- mice presented higher mortality associated with inflammatory lesions and increased parasite burden in the brain after the infection with N. caninum tachyzoites. Moreover, Tnfr1-/- mice showed a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) levels in vivo. We also observed that Tnfr1-/- mice showed enhanced serum concentration of antigen-specific IgG2 subclass, while IgG1 production was significantly reduced compared to WT mice, suggesting that TNFR1 is required for regular IgG subclass production and antigen recognition. Based on our results, we conclude that the TNF-TNFR1 complex is crucial for mediating host resistance during the infection by N. caninum

Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Its Enantiomers Prevent Methemoglobin Formation and DNA Damage Induced by Dapsone Hydroxylamine: Molecular Mechanism and Antioxidant Action

Dapsone (DDS) therapy can frequently lead to hematological side effects, such as methemoglobinemia and DNA damage. In this study, we aim to evaluate the protective effect of racemic alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and its enantiomers on methemoglobin induction. The pre- and post-treatment of erythrocytes with ALA, ALA isomers, or MB (methylene blue), and treatment with DDS-NOH (apsone hydroxylamine) was performed to assess the protective and inhibiting effect on methemoglobin (MetHb) formation. Methemoglobin percentage and DNA damage caused by dapsone and its metabolites were also determined by the comet assay. We also evaluated oxidative parameters such as SOD, GSH, TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and MDA (malondialdehyde). In pretreatment, ALA showed the best protector effect in 2.5 µg/mL of DDS-NOH. ALA (1000 µM) was able to inhibit the induced MetHb formation even at the highest concentrations of DDS-NOH. All ALA tested concentrations (100 and 1000 µM) were able to inhibit ROS and CAT activity, and induced increases in GSH production. ALA also showed an effect on DNA damage induced by DDS-NOH (2.5 µg/mL). Both isomers were able to inhibit MetHb formation and the S-ALA was able to elevate GSH levels by stimulating the production of this antioxidant. In post-treatment with the R-ALA, this enantiomer inhibited MetHb formation and increased GSH levels. The pretreatment with R-ALA or S-ALA prevented the increase in SOD and decrease in TEAC, while R-ALA decreased the levels of MDA; and this pretreatment with R-ALA or S-ALA showed the effect of ALA enantiomers on DNA damage. These data show that ALA can be used in future therapies in patients who use dapsone chronically, including leprosy patients

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio