Evolução e distribuição espacial das aplicações de crédito rural no Estado do Amapá na primeira década do século 21

O artigo analisa a evolução e a distribuição espacial das aplicações de crédito rural no estado do Amapá no período 2000-2010. Foram utilizados dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN). Os resultados indicam que apenas 7,37% dos estabelecimentos agropecuários do Amapá obtiveram acesso aos recursos de crédito rural. No período 2000-2010 foram contratadas 13.281 operações de crédito rural, correspondendo a um valor de R$ 127,8 milhões, dos quais 54,98% foram aplicados em atividades agrícolas e 45,02% em pecuária. O Índice Normalizado de Crédito Rural (INCR) permitiu identificar que 4 municípios são agrícolas, 5 medianamente agrícolas, 5 medianamente pecuaristas e 2 pecuaristas. Há elevada concentração espacial do crédito, pois 72,04% dos recursos foram alocados em apenas cinco municípios. O Índice de Gini das aplicações confirma a concentração, pois o seu valor médio foi 0,70 ao longo do período. Esse contexto exige ações efetivas do Governo, em todas as esferas, e, particularmente, das instituições que atuam nas áreas de regularização fundiária e ambiental, infraestrutura de apoio à produção e financiamento; visando ampliar a cobertura das aplicações nos municípios e viabilizar a inclusão bancária e acesso ao crédito a um maior contingente de produtores rurais

The maxillary lateral incisor in the rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate

This study analyzed the maintenance of lateral incisors in the dental rehabilitation of individuals with cleft lip and palate. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on a tertiary craniofacial center and comprised retrospective analysis of panoramic and periapical radiographs of Caucasoid individuals with non-syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, analyzing all radiographs available on the records of each individual, from the first to the last up to 12 years of age. Overall, 2,826 records were reviewed to achieve a sample of 1,000 individuals. Among these, 487 individuals presented the permanent lateral incisors on both cleft and non-cleft sides, which were included in this study. Results: The results were evaluated in percentages and by descriptive statistics. The association between maintenance of the lateral incisor and timing of alveolar bone graft were analyzed by the t test. Among the 487 individuals, 265 had not completed treatment, 62 presented insufficient information, and 44 concluded the treatment elsewhere. Among the remaining 116 individuals, the lateral incisor was extracted from 88 (75.86%) of them on the cleft side (CS) and from 23 (19.83%) people on the non-cleft side (NCS). The age at accomplishment of alveolar bone graft was significantly associated with maintenance of the lateral incisor on the cleft side (p<0.01). Most extractions were indicated because of the inadequate positioning on the CS and for midline correction on the NCS. Rehabilitation was primarily completed by orthodontic movement (53 individuals on the CS and 13 individuals on the NCS). Conclusion: In conclusion, the lateral incisor on the cleft side was not maintained in most individuals. Positive relationship was observed between extraction of the lateral incisor and age at accomplishment of the alveolar bone graft, suggesting the need to anticipate the initial radiographic evaluation to enhance its maintenance and reduce the procedures required for rehabilitation

Efficacy and safety of innovative sunscreen (e) -4- (tert-butyl) -n '- ((e) -3- (4-methoxyphenyl) allylidene) benzidrazida (TBMAB)

The constant or repeated unprotected exposure to solar radiation can result in the onset of various harmful effects, such as inflammation, genetic mutation and hyperpigmentation, even than previous photoaging. The use of photoprotective formulations is one of the most effective tools to avoid this. However, most of the UV filters are unstable to UV radiation, can even permeate the skin and cause hepatotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a innovative sunscreen substance (E) -4- (tert-butyl) -N '- ((E) -3- (4-methoxyphenyl) allylidene) benzhydrazide. Methodology: The sunscreen formulation containing the innovative substance was subjected to various stress conditions: 45±2° C, 5±2° C and exposure to sunlight. These samples were evaluated in relation to its rheology, pH, viscosity, density and SPF to determine its stability. The assessment of TBMAB release from the formulation was performed in Microette equipment. Hepatoma cells (HepG2) were used to determine the TBMAB cytotoxicity. Results and Discussion: In the stability study, no significant changes were observed in the formulation. The maximum concentration of TBMAB released from the formulation was 3.63 µg.cm-2. Also, it was evident the cytotoxic effect on the concentrations well above 3.63 µg.cm-2,displaying the safety of this substance, considering HepG2 cells. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that TBMAB is a suitable innovative substance to be used in suscreens, exhibiting stability, desired SPF value and safety, considering HepG2 cells. Thus, it could be a new alternative to prevent skin cancer.  A exposição constante e/ou repetida e desprotegida à radiação solar pode resultar no aparecimento de vários efeitos nocivos, como inflamação, mutação genética e hiperpigmentação, mesmo que o fotoenvelhecimento. O uso de formulações fotoprotetoras é uma das ferramentas mais eficazes para evitar isso. No entanto, a maioria dos filtros UV é instável à radiação UV, pode até permear a pele e causar efeitos hepatotóxicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e a segurança de uma substância protetora solar inovadora (E) -4- (terc-butil) -N '- ((E) -3- (4-metoxifenil) alilideno) benzidrazida. Métodos: A formulação de filtro solar contendo a substância inovadora foi submetida a várias condições de estresse: 45 ± 2°C, 5 ± 2°C e exposição à luz solar. Essas amostras foram avaliadas em relação à sua reologia, pH, viscosidade, densidade e FPS para determinar sua estabilidade. A avaliação da liberação de TBMAB à partir da formulação foi realizada em equipamentos Microette. As células de hepatoma (HepG2) foram usadas para determinar a citotoxicidade do TBMAB. Resultados e Discussão: No estudo de estabilidade, não foram observadas alterações significativas na formulação. A concentração máxima de TBMAB liberada a partir da formulação foi de 3.63 µg.cm-2. Também ficou evidente o efeito citotóxico nas concentrações bem acima de 3.63 µg.cm-2, demonstrando a segurança dessa substância, considerando as células HepG2. Conclusão: Esses resultados demonstram que o TBMAB é uma substância inovadora adequada para ser usada na fotoproteção, exibindo estabilidade, valor desejado de SPF e segurança, considerando as células HepG2. Assim, poderia ser uma nova alternativa para prevenir o câncer de pele

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

A satisfação dos pacientes com o cuidado de enfermagem na hemodiálise

Objective: To assess the satisfaction of patients of the Hemodialysis regarding nursing care on the part of nurses. Method: This is a study of quantitative approach of descriptive, cross-sectional and exploratory type. The data collection was carried out using the Instrument of Patient Satisfaction (ISP), which is composed of 25 questions addressing all three dimensions of nursing care: trust; education and technical training. Each question can be scored from 1 to 5, being 2.5 the average between satisfied and dissatisfied. We included 100 patients who perform hemodialysis at a dialysis center of Rio de Janeiro. Results: The overall averagesatisfaction was 3.8; while the size confidence was 3.78; the dimension of education 3.6 and the size technical-professional 4.02. Conclusion: Despite fact that the score of satisfaction is above average, the detailed analysis of the issues of ISP reveals that patients of hemodialysis want greater attention and presence of nurses.Objetivo: Conhecer a satisfação dos pacientes da hemodiálise com relação aos cuidados de enfermagem por parte dos enfermeiros. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritivo, transversal e exploratório. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando o Instrumento de Satisfação do Paciente (ISP), composto de 25 questões que abordam três dimensões do cuidado de enfermagem: confiança; educacional e técnico-profissional. Cada questão pode ser pontuada de 1 a 5, sendo 2,5 a média entre satisfeitos e insatisfeitos. Foram incluídos 100 pacientes que realizam hemodiálise em um centro de diálise do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: A média geral de satisfação foi de 3,8; ao passo que a dimensão confiança teve 3,78; a dimensão educacional 3,6 e a dimensão técnico-profissional 4,02. Conclusão: Apesar do escore de satisfação acima da média, a análise pormenorizada das questões do ISP revela que os pacientes da hemodiálise desejam maior atenção e presença do enfermeiro.Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes de hemodiálisis con respecto a cuidados de enfermería por parte de las enfermeras. Método: Este es un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo del estudio descriptivo, transversal y exploratorio. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante el Instrumento de la Satisfacción del Paciente (ISP), que se compone de 25 preguntas relacionadas con las tres dimensiones de los cuidados de enfermería: la confianza; la educación y la capacitación técnica. Cada pregunta puede ser puntuada de 1 a 5, siendo 2,5 el promedio entre satisfechos e insatisfechos. Se incluyeron 100 pacientes que realizan la hemodiálisis en un centro de diálisis de Río de Janeiro. Resultados: La satisfacción media global fue de 3,8; mientras que el tamaño de la confianza fue 3,78; la dimensión de la educación 3.6 y el tamaño técnicoprofesionales 4.02. Conclusión: A pesar de la puntuación de satisfacción está por encima de la media, el análisis detallado de las cuestiones de la ISP revela que los pacientes de hemodiálisis desean prestar una mayor atención y presencia de enfermeras

Características dos pecuaristas e da produção leiteira nas mesorregiões sudeste e nordeste do estado do Pará, Brasil

The objective of this study was to characterize the dairy production systems of the southeastern and northeastern mesoregions of Pará state. A total of 112 questionnaires were administered on rural properties with dairy cow milk production in the municipalities of Ulianópolis and Irituia from April to May 2013. The activity was conducted mainly by men between 36 and 70 years of age. The education level was low, with 67% of the cattle breeders having incomplete basic education and 20.5% being illiterate. Regarding herd feeding, only 19.6% of the breeders used energy supplements, and 13.39% used roughage supplements. Sanitation control was performed by 99.1% of the breeders, with vaccines against foot and mouth disease and brucellosis being the most common vaccines because they are mandatory. Milking was performed manually on 98.2% of the properties, and pre-dipping and post-dipping techniques were used on only 2.7% and 3.6% of the properties, respectively. Regarding management, 84.8% of the breeders did not perform financial planning, and 99.1% did not have a defined chart of accounts and cost centres and were unaware of their production costs. Average herd productivity was 4.34 L cow-1 day-1, with average production varying between 30 L day-1 in units with fewer than 10 lactating cows and 355 L day-1 in those with over 55 cows. Age and education level were shown to hinder the access to knowledge and technological innovations in products, processes and management.Objetivou-se com este estudo a caracterização dos sistemas de produção de leite das mesorregiões sudeste e nordeste paraense. Foram aplicados 112 questionários em propriedades rurais, que trabalham com bovinocultura leiteira nos municípios de Ulianópolis e Irituia, entre os meses de abril e maio de 2013. A atividade era conduzida predominantemente por homens, com idade variando entre 36 a 70 anos. O nível de escolaridade identificado foi baixo, onde 67% dos pecuaristas possuiam ensino fundamental incompleto e 20,5% eram analfabetos. Com relação à alimentação do rebanho, apenas 19,6% realizavam suplementação com concentrado e 13,39% com volumoso. O controle sanitário era realizado por 99,1% dos produtores, sendo as vacinas contra febre aftosa e brucelose as mais aplicadas por serem obrigatórias. Em 98,2% das propriedades a ordenha era realizada de forma manual, sendo que apenas 2,7% e 3,6% respectivamente faziam uso das técnicas de pré-dipping, e pós-dipping. Quanto à gestão 84,8% não realizavam a composição do planejamento financeiro e 99,1% não possuíam plano de contas e centro de custos definidos, desconhecendo o custo de produção. A produtividade média do rebanho foi de 4,34 (L vaca-1 dia-1), com produção média variando entre 30 L dia-1 em unidades com menos de 10 vacas em lactação e 355 litros naquelas com mais de 55 vacas. Verificou-se que variáveis idade e escolaridade compromete o acesso ao conhecimento e as inovações tecnológicas de produtos, processos e gestão

Quality control of cosmetics containing Calendula officinalis, Melampodium divaricatum, Matricaria chamomila linné and Acchilea millefolium extracts

The use of medicinal plants occurs since the Antiquity, but has become more popular in the present time. In the United States, 50% of the population uses the phytotherapy. Calendula officinalis and Melampodium divaricatum have components called flavonoids. Matricaria chamomila Linn and Acchilea millefolium, popularly known as camomila and mil folhas, respectively, have sesquiterpenic components called azulens. These substances present many effects; some of them offer benefits to the human health. Thus, these plants had their extract incorporated in cosmetic-dermatological formulations. This study aimed to prove the presence of the active substances, sesquiterpenes and flavonoids, in cosmetic creams with Matricaria chamomila Linn, Acchilea millefolium, Calendula officinalis and Melampodium divaricatum extracts. Also, aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the products. Flavonoids and sesquiterpernes were detected in the emulsions and the microbiological quality was verified. Thus, the products are safe to the users in relation to the microbiological aspects and should present beneficial effects due to the presence of flavonoids and sesquiterpenes

The maxillary lateral incisor in the rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate

<div><p>Abstract Objective This study analyzed the maintenance of lateral incisors in the dental rehabilitation of individuals with cleft lip and palate. Material and Methods The study was conducted on a tertiary craniofacial center and comprised retrospective analysis of panoramic and periapical radiographs of Caucasoid individuals with non-syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, analyzing all radiographs available on the records of each individual, from the first to the last up to 12 years of age. Overall, 2,826 records were reviewed to achieve a sample of 1,000 individuals. Among these, 487 individuals presented the permanent lateral incisors on both cleft and non-cleft sides, which were included in this study. Results The results were evaluated in percentages and by descriptive statistics. The association between maintenance of the lateral incisor and timing of alveolar bone graft were analyzed by the t test. Among the 487 individuals, 265 had not completed treatment, 62 presented insufficient information, and 44 concluded the treatment elsewhere. Among the remaining 116 individuals, the lateral incisor was extracted from 88 (75.86%) of them on the cleft side (CS) and from 23 (19.83%) people on the non-cleft side (NCS). The age at accomplishment of alveolar bone graft was significantly associated with maintenance of the lateral incisor on the cleft side (p<0.01). Most extractions were indicated because of the inadequate positioning on the CS and for midline correction on the NCS. Rehabilitation was primarily completed by orthodontic movement (53 individuals on the CS and 13 individuals on the NCS). Conclusion In conclusion, the lateral incisor on the cleft side was not maintained in most individuals. Positive relationship was observed between extraction of the lateral incisor and age at accomplishment of the alveolar bone graft, suggesting the need to anticipate the initial radiographic evaluation to enhance its maintenance and reduce the procedures required for rehabilitation.</p></div