Propostas para o desenvolvimento sustentável local que privilegiam a conservação ambiental e a inserção social

The central theme of this paper is to show the integration between social economic development and natural resources conservation. Assuming that the environment degradation created by the conventional economic growth affects the population quality of life when imposing environment transformations that reflect directly in the well-being of the poorest level of population. In this way, there is a presentation of activities suitable to regional specificity such as the recycling of solid residues and the sustainable extraction of forest resources. Both activities contemplate income generation as well as the absorption of the excluded population from the labor market. The first, presents a solution for urban centers, while the latter for the forest areas.O tema central deste artigo é a integração entre o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e a conservação dos recursos naturais. Parte-se do princípio que a degradação ambiental gerada pelo crescimento econômico convencional afeta a qualidade de vida da população, ao impor transformações ambientais que refletem diretamente no nível de bem-estar da camada mais pobre da sociedade. Dessa forma, propõem-se atividades que se adaptem às especificidades regionais, tais como a reciclagem de resíduos sólidos e a extração sustentável de recursos florestais. Ambas contemplam a geração de renda e a absorção da população alijada do mercado de trabalho. A primeira apresenta uma solução para os centros urbanos e a segunda, para as áreas de florestas

A segregação residencial em Porto Alegre: uma análise geográfica e socioeconômica

city of Porto Alegre in the Rio Grande do Sul. Initially, is presented the contributions of authors, such as Schelling and Miyao, for the studies of the space standards of residential segregation that is understood as the organization of diverse groups that generate space delimitations in which the groupings of the residences occur because of the social distinctions. After that, the Index of Residential Segregation is calculated with the objective to verify the degree of existing geographic isolation between the regions of the city, according to the level of both income and education of the responsible one for the domicile. Through this experiment, the identification of effective standards of residential segregation in the city in the year of 2000 was possible, that it differentiates it of other Brazilian capitals.Esse trabalho aborda a questão da segregação residencial sócio-econômica no município de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Inicialmente, são apresentadas as contribuições de autores, tais como Schelling e Miyao, para os estudos dos padrões espaciais de segregação residencial, que é entendida como a organização de grupos diversos que geram delimitações espaciais nas quais os agrupamentos das residências ocorrem em função das distinções sociais. Em seguida, é calculado o Índice de Segregação Residencial com o objetivo de verificar o grau de isolamento geográfico existente entre as regiões da cidade, de acordo com o nível de renda e de escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio. Por intermédio deste experimento, foi possível a identificação de padrões de segregação residencial vigentes na cidade no ano de 2000, que a diferencia de outras capitais brasileiras

Os impactos da demanda por crédito de carbono sobre o mercado de certificações de reduções de emissões no Brasil

The main objective of this study is to estimate the size of the potential market of Certified Emission Reductions, CERs, as defined by Kyoto Protocol, for the period of 2008 to 2012. Based on this estimate, the effects caused by the increase of the demand of the CREs in possible scenes are evaluated. The methodology used, called Kaya Identity, consists of the emission calculation derived from factors such as the evolution of per capita income, the population growth, the energy intensity, and the intensity of carbon dioxide in scenes that try to get the adoption of less potential polluting technologies. The paper is also concerned, first, with discussing aspects of Kyoto Protocol and the necessary methodology for the implantation of a project of Clean Development Mechanism, CDM; and with the identification of promising activities in Brazil. The main conclusion is that there is a possibility of significant financial profits, allied to the environment conservation. It was evident the importance of having public politics that stimulates the investment in CDM so that the Country can fully participate in the worldwide market as a supplier of Certified Emission Reductions and also implement a climatic change policy.O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o tamanho do mercado potencial de Certificados de Reduções de Emissões, CREs, no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto, para o período de 2008 a 2012. A partir desta estimativa, avaliam-se os efeitos causados pelo aumento da demanda dos CREs em possíveis cenários, no que refere à receita proveniente da comercialização dos CREs e dos investimentos afins. A metodologia utilizada, denominada Identidade Kaya, consiste no cálculo das emissões derivadas de fatores tais como: a evolução da renda per capita, o crescimento populacional, a intensidade energética e a intensidade de dióxido de carbono, em cenários que tentam captar a adoção de tecnologias de menor potencial poluidor. O trabalho aborda os principais aspectos do Protocolo de Quioto e da metodologia necessária para a implantação de um projeto de Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo, MDL. Por fim, são identificadas as atividades promissoras no Brasil. A conclusão principal é que existe uma possibilidade de ganhos financeiros significativos, aliado à conservação ambiental. Ficou evidente a importância de haver políticas públicas que estimulem o investimento em MDL para que o Brasil possa participar plenamente do mercado mundial como ofertante de certificados de reduções de emissões e também para implementar uma política que contribua para reduzir as emissões de gases

A segregação residencial em Porto Alegre: uma análise geográfica e socioeconômica

city of Porto Alegre in the Rio Grande do Sul. Initially, is presented the contributions of authors, such as Schelling and Miyao, for the studies of the space standards of residential segregation that is understood as the organization of diverse groups that generate space delimitations in which the groupings of the residences occur because of the social distinctions. After that, the Index of Residential Segregation is calculated with the objective to verify the degree of existing geographic isolation between the regions of the city, according to the level of both income and education of the responsible one for the domicile. Through this experiment, the identification of effective standards of residential segregation in the city in the year of 2000 was possible, that it differentiates it of other Brazilian capitals.Esse trabalho aborda a questão da segregação residencial sócio-econômica no município de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Inicialmente, são apresentadas as contribuições de autores, tais como Schelling e Miyao, para os estudos dos padrões espaciais de segregação residencial, que é entendida como a organização de grupos diversos que geram delimitações espaciais nas quais os agrupamentos das residências ocorrem em função das distinções sociais. Em seguida, é calculado o Índice de Segregação Residencial com o objetivo de verificar o grau de isolamento geográfico existente entre as regiões da cidade, de acordo com o nível de renda e de escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio. Por intermédio deste experimento, foi possível a identificação de padrões de segregação residencial vigentes na cidade no ano de 2000, que a diferencia de outras capitais brasileiras

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially