La identidad cultural del cultivo de maíz en México: importancia y retos ante la apertura comercial de trangénicos

El trabajo de Tesis Doctoral, La identidad cultural del cultivo de maíz en México: importancia y retos ante la apertura comercial de transgénicos, se basa en la aplicación de técnicas bibliométricas, análisis de productividad agrícola y herramientas de sistemas de información geográfica, orientadas a delimitar áreas con alta diversidad de razas de maíz nativas y asociar su cultivo con la riqueza etnográfica de las regiones, con el objetivo de establecer regiones prioritarias de conservación in situ de razas de maíz nativas donde se restrinja el cultivo de variedades transgénicas

Análise bibliométrica da produção científica sobre cooperativas agropecuárias em países de língua espanhola.

Agricultural cooperatives are social enterprises dedicated to the production, transformation and marketing of agricultural, livestock and forestry products. Its business-associative model is little known due, among other causes, to its scarce diffusion in printed media of a scientific nature. For this reason, the objective of this research was to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of scientific production on agricultural cooperatives in Spanish-speaking countries, through a bibliometric analysis that would allow identifying the main countries, topics and scope of publications. We collected 164 scientific articles published between 2001 and 2021, in which the spatio-temporal evolution of the research showed a linear growth (R2=0.47, P<0.001), concentrated in Cuba and Spain, countries in which the three journals with the highest number of published articles and with the greatest impact are located, measured by the number of bibliographic citations. Such journals are: CIRIEC-España. Revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa; COODES. Cooperativismo y Desarrollo y REVESCO. Revista de Estudios Cooperativos. The most relevant topics were: organization, cooperation and legislation. However, there is little interaction within the network of authors, which responds to the fact that the study of agricultural cooperatives represents an emerging research topic, with still limited breadth and depth.Las cooperativas agropecuarias son empresas sociales dedicadas a la producción, trasformación y comercialización de productos agrícolas, pecuarios y forestales. Su modelo empresarial-asociativo es poco conocido debido, entre otras causas, a su escasa difusión en medios impresos de carácter científico. Por tal razón, el objetivo del artículo consistió en analizar la evolución espacio-temporal de la producción científica sobre cooperativas agropecuarias en países hispanoparlantes, mediante un análisis bibliométrico que permitiera identificar los principales países, temas y alcance de las publicaciones. Se recopilaron 164 artículos científicos publicados entre 2001 y 2021, en los que la evolución espacio-temporal de la investigación mostró un crecimiento lineal (R2=0.47, P<0.001), concentrándose en Cuba y España, países en los que se ubican las tres revistas con mayor número de artículos publicados y de mayor impacto, medido por el número de citas bibliográficas. Tales revistas son: CIRIEC-España. Revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa; COODES. Cooperativismo y Desarrollo y REVESCO. Revista de Estudios Cooperativos. Los temas de mayor relevancia fueron: organización, cooperación y legislación. No obstante, existe poca vinculación entre la red de autores, lo que responde al hecho de que el estudio de las cooperativas agropecuarias representa un tema de investigación emergente, con amplitud y profundidad aún limitadas.As cooperativas agropecuárias são empresas sociais que se dedicam à produção, transformação e comercialização de produtos agrícolas, pecuários e florestais. Seu modelo associativo empresarial é pouco conhecido devido, entre outros motivos, à sua escassa difusão na mídia científica impressa. Por isso, o objetivo do artigo foi analisar a evolução espaço-temporal da produção científica sobre cooperativas agrícolas em países de língua espanhola, por meio de uma análise bibliométrica que permitisse identificar os principais países, temas e escopo das publicações. Foram coletados 164 artigos científicos publicados entre 2001 e 2021, nos quais a evolução espaço-temporal da pesquisa mostrou um crescimento linear (R2=0,47, P<0,001), concentrando-se em Cuba e Espanha, países onde estão localizados os três periódicos com maior número de artigos publicados e com maior impacto, medidos pelo número de citações bibliográficas. Estas revistas são: CIRIEC-Espanha. Revista de economia pública, social e cooperativa; COODES. Cooperativismo e Desenvolvimento e REVESCO. Revista de Estudos Cooperativos. Os temas mais relevantes foram: organização, cooperação e legislação. No entanto, há pouca conexão entre a rede de autores, o que responde ao fato de que o estudo das cooperativas agropecuárias representa um tema de pesquisa emergente, com amplitude e profundidade ainda limitadas

Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Scientific Production about Genetically Modified Maize

Maize is the grain cereal that is the basis of human and animal diets in Mexico and Latin America; it constitutes an essential crop for global food security. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial–temporal evolution of scientific production on the theme of GMO maize, through a bibliometric analysis of the texts available in the main editorial houses (Elsevier, Scopus, and Springer), open access journal articles database (Conricyt, Scielo, Redalyc, Latindex, Claryvate Analytics, Periodica, and DOAJ), and freely accessible web search engine Google Scholar, to determine the factors that influence the impact of the studies. From 1991 to 2019, 917 texts were found whose spatial–temporal evolution showed a linear growth that concentrated in Latin America (58.56%). The low impact (measured by the number of bibliographic citations) of scientific studies developed in countries of Latin America was related to their publication in journals edited in their own countries and in Spanish, which restricts the constructive criticism of peer review. For the case of Mexico, a spatial discrepancy was also found between research centers and production areas, which limits the transference of technology; and no specialized author in theme of GMO maize was found; the researchers responded to “scientific trends” in agreement with the agrarian policies of the timeS

Spatial Delimitation of Genetic Diversity of Native Maize and Its Relationship with Ethnic Groups in Mexico

Mexico, as a center of origin of maize, presents a high diversity of maize races. With the objective of spatially demarcating regions with high concentration of intraspecific diversity in Mexico, as a fundamental measure for the in situ conservation of their agrobiodiversity, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools have been used to generate diversity and richness indexes for 64 maize races cultivated in Mexico, using indexes to demarcate relationships to environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and altitude; the presence of indigenous groups; and the type of maize used. These relations allowed defining seven environmental units spatially, with characteristic maize races in each of them, which constitute priority areas for in situ conservation. In addition, a close relationship was found between the diversity of maize races and of ethnic groups, from the center to the south of the country, associated with the differences in maize use in different ethnic groups. This geographical demarcation of races and uses of maize will favor food security through specific measures of in situ conservation, as well as an increase in added value of maize by-products based on specific maize races conserved by local ethnic groupsS

Feasibility and economic viability for decision making in the application of ashes in forest areas

La determinación de factibilidad, accesibilidad y logística para la aplicación de cenizas a áreas forestales, es una tarea compleja que agrupa varios objetivos. Este trabajo se centra en el uso de herramientas de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) en la toma de decisiones para la optimización de la aplicación de cenizas. El estudio se realizó en dos etapas. La primera consideró aspectos ambientales, sociales, culturales y económicos enmarcados en el artículo 12 del decreto 125/2012 de la Xunta de Galicia para determinar la factibilidad de aplicación de cenizas a áreas forestales. En la segunda se determinó la accesibilidad y logística de aplicación a montes forestales de la provincia de Lugo. Para ello se construyó un modelo heurístico e índice de rentabilidad económica por hectárea con ayuda de la herramienta network analyst de ArcGIS. Los resultados muestran que las herramientas de SIG, complementadas con trabajo en campo, facilitan la toma de decisiones y ayudan a redirigir la atención y recursos hacia aquellas superficies con un mayor potencial de aplicación de cenizasThe feasibility, accessibility and logistic determination for the ash application to forest areas, is a complex task the merge some objectives. This paper focus in the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) as a helper for decision-making of ash optimization application. The study was performed in two sections. The first section include environmental, social, cultural and economic aspects related to the article 12 of decree 125/2012 from the Xunta de Galicia for the feasibility determination of the ash application. The second one determinate the accessibility and logistic application to forestall places in Lugo province, so it was necessary to build a heuristic model and an economic rent index per hectare using the Network Analyst ArcGIS tool. The results shows that the GIS, complement it with fieldwork, tools helps the decision-making and to redirect the resources attention to those areas with better potential of ash applicationS

Fisheries discard as an alternative for agricultural feed in the state of Campeche, Mexico

Objective: To determine the incidence of non-target fish species, in coastal fishing, as a feed alternative for the agricultural sector of the state of Campeche. Design/methodology/approach: Three ports in Campeche State were surveyed: Champotón, Seybaplaya and Campeche. A total 89 questionnaires were applied at random, under the free will to participate, to coastal fishermen. The data obtained were analyzed with the R vr 3.4.4 program. Results: The coastal fishing catch was 760.1 kg on average / week, with non-target fish species of 30.42 kg / week. Of this bycatch, 68.8% is discarded and the rest is sold at a low price ($4.00 pesos). Among the waste products, 34 species stand out, but only seven represent the 58.7Limitations of study/implications: There is a wide variety of species, of which their use is unknown and that may have a good quality protein and may be incorporated as ingredients for the manufacture of feed. Findings/conclusions: The fishing discards of the state of Campeche are made up of more than 30 non-target fish species, and according to their incidence they may be evaluated as ingredients for the manufacture of feed in the agricultural sector.Objective: To determine the incidence of non-target fishing species, in riparianfishing, as a dietary alternative for the agricultural sector in the state of Campeche,Mexico.Design / methodology / approach: The ports surveyed in the state of Campeche:Champotón, Seybaplaya and Campeche. A total of 89 questionnaires were appliedat random and at the free will to participate to coastal fishermen. The obtained datawere analyzed with the R vr 3.4.4 statistical software.Results: The results showed that the coastal fishing catch is 760.1 kg onaverage/week, and fishing discards of 30.42 kg/week. Of the bycatch, 68.8$ 0.2). Among the waste products,234 species stand out, but seven represent the 58.7% of maximum incidence,mainly Bosh Ariopsis felis, Chac-chi Haemulon plumierii, Cojinuda Caranx crysos,Ixpil Upeneus sp., Macabi Elops saurus, Postà Bairdiella chrysoura and SardinaHerengula jaguana.Delimitations / implications: There is a wide variety of species of which theirpotential as a protein source is unknown, which can be used as input in feed.Findings / conclusions: Registered fishing discards are made up of more than 30non-target species and according to their incidence can be considered as inputs infeed manufacturing for the agricultural sector

Agricultural rotation crops: adaptive strategies of two farming communities in Champotón, Campeche

Objective: To identify the agricultural crops in rotation carried out by the producers during one year of two rural communities of Champotón, Campeche. Design / methodology / approach: The research was carried out in 2019, in Santo Domingo Kesté and Sihochac, communities belonging to Champotón, Campeche. Descriptive exploratory character. Documentary research was carried out and a survey was applied with 200 questionnaires in total, using the "snowball" technique. Descriptive statistics, were applied using the statistical packages of Excel. Results: Chihua squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber) and sugar cane (Sacharumm officinarum) are the most economically important crops for Santo Domingo Kesté and Sihochac, respectively. Corn is grown both in Sihochac in May and in Kesté in various months of the year. Chihua squash, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), sesame (Sesamum indicum), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are produced only in Kesté at different times of the year. Limitations of the study / implications: This research is local in nature, so its results cannot be generalized, but they can be similar to other regions in the country. Findings / conclusions: Crop rotation is practiced in Kesté and not in the community of Sihochac. The way in which each community is organized to grow its crops responds to cultural-social factors and its available resources.Objective: To identify the agricultural rotation crops grown throughout a year by the producers of two farming communities in Champotón, Campeche, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: This exploratory-descriptive research was conducted in 2019, in Santo Domingo Kesté and Sihochac, Champotón, Campeche. Documentary research was conducted and a survey with a total of 200 questionnaires was applied, following the snowball technique. The resulting data were analyzed with descriptive statistics using Excel’s statistical package. Results: Chihua pumpkin (Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber) and sugarcane (Sacharumm officinarum) are the most economically important crops. The former is specific to Santo Domingo Kesté and the latter, to Sihochac. Maize is grown in May in Sihochac, and in different months in Kesté. Chihua pumpkin, peanut (Arachis hypogaea), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sesame seed (Sesamum indicum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are grown only in Kesté, in different times of the year. Study limitations/Implications: Since this research is of a local nature, its results cannot be generalized, although they may be similar to other regions of the country. Findings/Conclusions: Some agricultural relay crops are grown in Kesté and not in the Sihochac community. The way in which each community organizes its crops depends on socio-cultural factors and available resources

Distribution of the monthly global solar irradiation in the State of Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: The objective was to estimate the mean monthly global solar irradiation (Rg), using observed data on cloudiness (% of cloudy days), as well as its spatial distribution for the state of Tabasco. Design / Methodology / Approach: The model proposed by Tejeda-Martínez et al. (1999) was adjusted to estimate the Rg of 35 meteorological stations in the state of Tabasco. The adjustment was done with daily observed Rg data from eight automated meteorological stations and with cloud cover data from eight ordinary weather stations. Results: The proposed model presented a good fit, since its prediction was optimal according to the Willmott comparison parameter (c = 0.89), and excellent based on the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (E = 0.99); and it had a high adjusted coefficient of determination Rc2 = 0.87. Study limitations / implications: The number of automated stations needs to be increased in the state of Tabasco, as well as to provide technical maintenance to existing stations. Findings / conclusions: The estimated Rg is statistically reliable. The highest Rg values were shown in the dry season, with a maximum of 22.99 MJ m-2 d-1, mainly distributed in the northern part of the state. The minimum Rg values were obtained in the cold-rainy season (12.52 MJ m-2 d-1) distributed in more than 80% of the total surface of the state. Key words: Willmott's index, cloud cover, transmissibility, heliophanyObjective: To estimate the monthly average global solar irradiance (Rg), using observed cloudiness data (% of cloudy days), as well as its spatial distribution for the state of Tabasco, Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approximation: The proposed model by Tejeda-Martínez et al. (1999) was adjusted to estimate the Rg of 35 meteorological stations in the state of Tabasco. The adjustment was performed with daily observed Rg data fromeight automated weather stations and cloudiness data from eight ordinary weather stations. Results: The proposed model reports a good fit, given that its prediction was optimal according to Willmotts comparison parameter (c = 0.89), and excellent based on the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (E = 0.99) and had a high corrected determination coefficient of Rc2 = 0.87.Study limitations/implications: It is necessary that in the state of Tabasco the number of automated stations increase, as well as technical maintenance to the existing stations.Findings/conclusions: The estimated Rg is statistically reliable. The highest Rg values occurred during the dry season, with a maximum of 22.99 MJ m -2 d -1 , distributed mainly in the northern part of the state. The lowest Rg values occurredduring the northeast season (12.52 MJ m -2 d -1 ), distributed in more than 80 % of the total state area

Impacto del cambio climático en la adaptación del cultivo de café (Coffea arabica L.) en Tabasco, México

Objective: To define the actual best potential areas for growing coffee in Tabasco state and its expected potential yields. Also, define its new distribution in the year 2050 under a climatic change scenario, as well as the impact of this scenario on the future potential yields. Design/methodology/approach: The FAO AgroEcological Zoning (AEZ) methodology was used to define the best areas to grow coffee and to estimate their potential yield in Tabasco state under current era and on a future climate change scenario for the year 2050 (FAO, 1981). The AEZ performed for the 2050 year takes in account a 1.6°C increment in the mean daily temperature for the selected climatic stations in the present study. Results: The resulting overlapping map of soil and climate most suitable potential areas shows that in Tabasco coffee has been grown in not optimal agro ecological conditions. Actually the more suitable and optimal areas for arabic type coffee in Tabasco covers a 59,400.24 ha out of the existing total 2,034,227.52 ha. Limitations of study/implications: There is a large group of new coffee clones in Mexico which leaf area and harvest index are unknown, getting hard to estimate their potential yields. Findings/conclusions: In the year 2050, under the worst climatic change scenario, the actual best potential areas to grow coffee in Tabasco will be reduced in 96.42% and their potential yields will also be reduced in 67% compared to the actual potential yields.Objetivo: Determinar las áreas más aptas para cultivar café en el estado de Tabasco, así como su rendimiento potencial actual. Determinar su redistribución para el año 2050 bajo un escenario de cambio climático, así como determinar el impacto de este cambio sobre los rendimientos potenciales futuros. Diseño/Metodología/Aproximación: Para la Zonificación Agro-Ecológica (ZAE) y la estimación de los rendimientos potenciales del café en el estado de Tabasco en la época actual y para el año 2050 se siguió el procedimiento propuesto por la FAO (FAO, 1981). La ZAE para el año 2050 se realizó incrementando en 1.6 °C las temperaturas promedio diarias de las estaciones climatológicas selectas. Resultados: El álgebra de mapa de las zonas con alto potencial climático y las zonas con alto potencial edafológico, indica que, en el estado de Tabasco se ha estado cultivando café en zonas que no son las más óptimas para este tipo de café.  Las áreas óptimas para café tipo arábiga se reducen a solo 59,400.24 ha de las 2,034,227.52 ha que bajo las condiciones climáticas actuales existen. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Hay una amplia variedad de clones de café en México, de los cuales se desconoce el índice de área foliar e índice de cosecha, lo que dificulta estimar los rendimientos potenciales actuales. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Bajo el peor escenario de cambio climático, se reducirá en 92.46% las actuales áreas edafoclimáticamente muy aptas. El rendimiento potencial estimado actual para el café tipo arábiga, bajo el escenario de cambio climático para el año 2050, se verá reducido en promedio en 67%

Resiliencia de la cobertura vegetal en el Suroeste de México ante los efectos del cambio climático

The scenarios modeling of climate changes using geographic information systems to estimate the vegetation cover resilience is a useful tool to project future impacts and implement conservation or management strategies. We associate spatially the biodiversity of the vegetation cover of Southwest Mexico with its ability to adapt to the effects of climate change. We analysis this association estimating species richness and diversity indices, and its relationship with scenarios of future climate. Geographical records of the National Forest and Soil Inventory were obtained for eight plant communities (arboreal, shrubby, herbaceous, palm, cactus, vines, ferns, and xerophyte) distributed in Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. The climatic projection was to 2050, with global circulation A2 models (CCCMA, HADCM3 and CSIRO average), 19 bioclimatic variables and a resolution of 2.5 minutes. Climate change scenarios were modelled with the MaxEnt algorithm and species richness, diversity index, and spatial regressions with Diva-GIS v7.5 software. The spatial regression models estimated that higher richness and species diversity, the greater resilience that the ecosystem would show. The cactus, palm, and xerophytic plant communities presented greater vulnerability to climate change. Variations in temperature seasonality turned out to be the factor that would condition its future distribution. Therefore, in conservation or management strategies, diversity should be considered as an agent of the ecosystem that cushions the negative effects of future climate.El modelado de escenarios de cambios climáticos utilizando sistemas de información geográfica para estimar la resiliencia de la cobertura vegetal es una herramienta útil para proyectar impactos futuros e implementar estrategias de conservación o manejo. En el presente trabajo asociamos espacialmente la biodiversidad de la cobertura vegetal del Suroeste de México con su capacidad para adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático. Para analizar esta asociación se estimaron índices de riqueza y diversidad de especies, y su relación con escenarios de clima futuro. Se utilizaron los registros geográficos del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos para ocho comunidades vegetales (arbórea, arbustiva, herbácea, palma, cactus, bejucos, helechos y xerófita) distribuidas entre Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas. La proyección climática fue al 2050, con modelos de circulación global A2 (promedio CCCMA, HADCM3 y CSIRO), 19 variables bioclimáticas y una resolución de 2.5 minutos. Los escenarios de cambio climático se modelaron con el algoritmo MaxEnt y la riqueza de especies, índice de diversidad y regresiones espaciales con el software Diva-GIS v7.5. Los modelos de regresión espacial estimaron que a mayor riqueza y diversidad de especies mayor seria la resiliencia que mostraría el ecosistema. Las comunidades vegetales cactus, palma y xerófita mostraron mayor vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. Las variaciones en la estacionalidad de la temperatura resultó ser el factor que condicionaría su distribución futura. Por lo que, las estrategias de conservación o manejo deberían considerar a la diversidad como un agente del ecosistema que amortiguaría a los efectos negativos del clima futuro