Estudio numérico y experimental de los flujos atmosféricos y dispersión de contaminantes en entornos urbanos = Numerical and experimental study of atmospheric flows and pollutant dispersion in urban environment

La contaminación atmosférica en entornos urbanos se ha convertido en los últimos años en uno de los problemas medio ambientales más importantes. Por este motivo, tanto las autoridades como la comunidad científica han prestado una atención especial al estudio de la calidad de aire dentro de las ciudades. Un ejemplo es el informe "Air pollution at street levels in European cities" (2006) realizado por la Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente (European Environment Agency) donde se analiza la calidad del aire en calles de 20 ciudades europeas. Los picos más altos de concentración aparecen dentro de las ciudades, especialmente en el interior de las calles estrechas, y el tráfico fuente de emisión de contaminantes. El principal objetivo de este estudio es la contribución al conocimiento de los procesos físicos (circulaciones de aire y dispersión de contaminantes) que se producen en el interior de las calles y de la capa límite urbana. Con este objetivo, se realizan simulaciones con modelos CFD sobre geometrías similares a la de una ciudad. Los modelos están basados en las ecuaciones RANS, con diferentes modelos de turbulencia del tipo k-epsilon. También se hace uso de estudios experimentales realizados anteriormente para la validación de los resultados de los modelos. De esta manera, en el capítulo 3 se estudian las circulaciones de aire dentro de calles simétricas ya simétricas en 2D. Aquí se pone de manifiesto la influencia del edificio más alto sobre el flujo de aire dentro de las calles. En el capítulo 4 se estudian los flujos de aire sobre barrera cortavientos con distinta porosidad. De esta forma se analizan las barreras cortavientos como medida atenuante de las emisiones de polvo en zonas de acopios de material pulverulento. Se establece para la porosidad de la barrera un valor de 0.35 como el que produce un apantallamiento óptimo, y por tanto, una buena reducción de las emisiones de polvo. Además este estudio también permite contrastar distintos esquemas de cierre turbulento ya que se disponen de una buena base de datos experimentales en túnel de viento (IDR). Continuando con los escenarios en 2D, en el capítulo 5 se presenta un nuevo modelo largragiano de partículas (SLP-2D) desarrollado en la Tesis. Para contrastar sus resultados se llevaron a cabo dos tipos de validación: 1 ,- Simulando la concentración de contaminantes en un experimento en túnel de viento (Meroney et al., 1996). 2,- Simulando la concentración en dos calles reales. Para representar la ciudad de una manera más próxima a la realidad, en los capítulos 6 y 7 se simulan el flujo de viento y la dispersión de contaminantes sobre una matriz de cubos representando una ciudad. El capítulo 6 se centra en las características del patrón de flujo y su validación con medidas en túnel de viento, mientras que el capítulo 7 está enfocado en la dispersión de contaminantes buscando relaciones entre la posición de las emisiones y la concentración del trazador. Finalmente, en el capítulo 8 se describen las principales conclusiones y las líneas futuras de investigación

La práctica de modelación y sus implicaciones en el aprendizaje de las ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias, el caso del dengue clásico

En este trabajo presentamos una investigación en proceso, que tiene como propósito construir una red de prácticas y herramientas en el análisis de la modelación sobre la incidencia del dengue clásico en el estado de Guerrero, con la intención de que sea base para el diseño de una secuencia de aprendizaje en el contenido referente a las ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias de primer orden, concepto de solución, (UAG, 2000). Entendiendo por una red de prácticas y herramientas en la modelación como la articulación de modelos y el fenómeno. Entendiendo por modelos como entidades o representaciones para comprender, describir, explicar, predecir e intervenir en un proceso de modelación o modelado (Arrieta, 2003). En este caso los modelos son, gráficas, tablas numéricas, expresiones algebraicas y el fenómeno es el dengue clásico. Dicho análisis de la modelación se realiza mediante una metodología la cual consiste en encontrar las intenciones que se dan en la modelación

An improved tool of water data analytics for flowmeters data

This paper presents an improved tool for data validation and reconstruction of flowmeters. These sensors are installed in the Catalonia regional water network from Barcelona (Spain). Here a new time series model with exogenous variable is proposed with excellent results for data validation. It is postulated that the integration of the electronics alarms, along with other tests about the daily data accumulated and a later analysis of the data reconstruction allow to improve the results of the existing tools. This is accomplished by decreasing the false alarms and missing alarms of more than 6000 hourly data retrieved from more than 200 flowmeters each day. This new tool provides reliable information daily reliable information of the state of the water network. This information could potentially contribute to optimally control and manage this large and complex water network.Postprint (published version

A Proposal for the Restoration of the Islamic Towers in the Segura de la Sierra Valley. Significance and Values of this Cultural Landscape

Due to the strategic position of Segura de la Sierra valley (Jaén, Spain) during the 12th and 13th centuries, there were built several defensive fortresses both by Muslims and Christians. As a result, there are still remains of a well-preserved medieval tower system using rammed-earth technology, with more than sixteen towers, often with a fortified enclosure, that represents a magnificent heritage. An exhaustive analysis has been carried out in order to do a scientific restoration of some of them. The research methodology has considered different phases in the stages that should be followed in the guardianship of a historical cultural asset: documenta-tion/investigation, conservation/restoration and dissemination, with the development of a patent. The historical significance and cultural references of these towers with their territory, and the interest of the discoveries obtained due to the research made and the restoration project of some of them, are the principal contributions of this paper.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

El sistema de torres de origen medieval en el valle de Segura de la Sierra. La construcción de un paisaje

Tras la creación del reino Taifa de Saqura en el siglo XI, la medina de Segura de la Sierra controlaría un amplio territorio dentro de las sierras que jalonan esta zona. Ante el peligro de los ejércitos castellanos, durante los siglos XII y XIII, la capital de esta cora y las alquerías circundantes, levantaron sus propias estructuras defensivas. Después de la conquista cristiana en el siglo XIII, y dado su estratégico carácter fronterizo con los reinos musulmanes de Granada y Murcia, este área fue entregada a la Orden de Santiago, convirtiéndose la Encomienda de Segura en un lugar clave en la defensa de esta extensa comarca montañosa. De este periodo medieval todavía subsisten en el valle de Segura de la Sierra, en diferentes estados de conservación, más de dieciséis torres que estaban a menudo englobadas en un recinto fortificado. Se trata de un conjunto único de elementos de arquitectura en tapial que requiere ser investigado, conocido y preservado, constituyendo una magnífica herencia patrimonial. La oportunidad que brindan estas construcciones medievales, que en su mayoría no han sido intervenidas nunca desde su construcción, nos ha permitido conocer en la investigación realizada aspectos funcionales, tipológicos, históricos, constructivos y formales de las torres, como paso previo a establecer métodos de restauración y conservación eficaces. La significación histórica y las referencias culturales de estos elementos en relación a su implantación en el territorio así como el interés de los datos obtenidos son las principales contribuciones de este trabajo.With the establishment of the Taifa kingdom of Segura in the 11th century, its capital would control a wide mountainous territory in the Southeast of Spain. During the 12th and 13th centuries, faced with the threat of the Castilian armies, Segura and the surrounding qarya-s built several defensive fortresses. After the Christian conquest of this territory around 1214, Segura was donated to the Military Order of Santiago. Due to its strategic position on the border of the Islamic kingdoms of Granada and Murcia, the Encomienda of Segura was a key area for the defense of this extensive mountainous region. As a result, in this territory there are still remains of a well-preserved tower system built in the Middle Ages using rammed-earth technology, which makes up and defines the landscape of this natural area landscape. This collection of historic buildings is a unique set of defensive structures with more than sixteen towers, often with a fortified enclosure, that represents a magnificent heritage that should be investigated, known and preserved. An exhaustive analysis has been carried in these never restored before medieval buildings, with an in-depth study and survey of their functional, typological, historical, constructive and morphological features, as a previous step to apply a restoration and conservation methodology. The historical significance and cultural references of these towers with their territory, and the interest of the discoveries obtained due to the research made, are the principal contributions of this paper

Thermally assisted interlayer magnetic coupling through Ba0.05Sr0.95TiO3 barriers

We report on the interlayer exchange coupling across insulating barriers observed on Ni80Fe20/Ba0.05Sr0.95TiO3/La0.66Sr0.33MnO3 (Py/BST0.05/LSMO) trilayers. The coupling mechanism has been analyzed in terms of the barrier thickness, samples' substrate, and temperature. We examined the effect of MgO (MGO) and SrTiO3 (STO) (001) single-crystalline substrates on the magnetic coupling and also on the magnetic anisotropies of the samples in order to get a deeper understanding of the magnetism of the structures. We measured a weak coupling mediated by spin-dependent tunneling phenomena whose sign and strength depend on barrier thickness and substrate. An antiferromagnetic (AF) exchange prevails for most of the samples and smoothly increases with the barrier thicknesses as a consequence of the screening effects of the BST0.05. The coupling monotonically increases with temperature in all the samples and this behavior is attributed to thermally assisted mechanisms. The magnetic anisotropy of both magnetic components has a cubic symmetry that in the case of permalloy is added to a small uniaxial component.Fil: Carreira, Santiago José. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Constituyentes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aviles Felix, Luis Steven. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sirena, Martin. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alejandro, Gabriela. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Steren, Laura Beatriz. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Constituyentes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Lecciones operativas para promover mercados de servicios de desarrollo empresarial a través de bonos y fondos compartidos

En este documento se presenta una serie de lineamientos y lecciones operativas para promover mercados de servicios de desarrollo empresarial (SDE) para las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPyME) a través de mecanismos de bonos y fondos compartidos. Estas experiencias son analizadas en el presente documento a fin de identificar criterios y lecciones operativas para mejorar el diseño de los nuevos programas de bonos y fondos compartidos para desarrollar los mercados de servicios empresariales y contribuir al aumento de la competitividad de las MIPyME de la región.PYME, Microempresas y microfinanciamiento, Inversión, Servicios financieros, Microenterprise, Small and Medium Enterprise

Damping low-frequency oscillations in power systems using grid-forming converters

The increasing incorporation of renewable energy in power systems is causing growing concern about system stability. Renewable energy sources are connected to the grid through power electronic converters, reducing system inertia as they displace synchronous generators. New grid-forming converters can emulate the behavior of synchronous generators in terms of inertia provision and other grid services, like power-frequency and voltage-reactive regulation. Nevertheless, as a consequence of synchronous generator emulation, grid-forming converters also present angle oscillations following a grid disturbance. This paper proposes two novel power stabilizers for damping low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in the power system. The first power stabilizer provides power oscillation damping through active power (POD-P), and it is implemented in a grid-forming converter, using the active power synchronization loop to damp system oscillations by acting on the converter angle. The second one provides power oscillation damping through reactive power (POD-Q), and it is implemented in a STATCOM, using the voltage control loop to damp system oscillations. Both proposals are first assessed in a small-signal stability study and then in a comprehensive simulation. Moreover, two cases are considered: damping the oscillations of a single machine connected to an infinite bus through a tie-line, and damping the inter-area oscillations in a two-area system. Simulation results, as well as the stability study, demonstrate the ability of both stabilizers to damp power system oscillations, being the POD-P more effective than the POD-Q, but at the cost of requiring some kind of energy provision at the DC bus.This work was supported by the Spanish Research Agency under Project PID2019-106028RB-I00/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033

Accuracy analysis of a mobile mapping system for close range photogrammetric projects

[EN] Image-based mapping solutions require accurate exterior orientation parameters independently of the cameras used for a survey. This paper analyses the inclusion of up to two stereo-based geometric constraints in the form of baseline distance and convergence angle between camera axes to boost the integrated sensor orientation performance on outdoor close-range projects. A terrestrial low-cost mobile mapping GNSS/IMU multi-camera system is used to test the performance of the stereo-based geometric constraint on a weak geometric network in a stop-and-go survey. The influence of the number of control points (CPs) is analysed to confirm the performance and usability of the geometric constraints in real live terrestrial projects where far from ideal setups can exist across the survey. Improvements in image residuals up to 9 times and deviation errors better than 1 cm are expected when at least three CPs are incorporated into the adjustmentThe authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad to the project HAR2014-59873-R. Contributions on direct georeferencing from professors Dr. David Hernandez-Lopez, Dr. Luis Garcia-Asenjo and D. Pascual Garrigues are highly appreciated.Navarro Tarin, S.; Lerma García, JL. (2016). Accuracy analysis of a mobile mapping system for close range photogrammetric projects. Measurement. 93:148-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.07.0301481569

Assessment Method and Scale of Observation Influence Ecosystem Service Bundles

[EN] The understanding of relationships between ecosystem services and the appropriate spatial scales for their analysis and characterization represent opportunities for sustainable land management. Bundles have appeared as an integrated method to assess and visualize consistent associations among multiple ecosystem services. Most of the bundle assessments focused on a static framework at a specific spatial scale. Here, we addressed the effects of applying two cluster analyses (static and dynamic) for assessing bundles of ecosystem services across four different scales of observation (two administrative boundaries and two sizes of grids) over 13 years (from 2000 to 2013). We used the ecosystem services matrix to model and map the potential supply of seven ecosystem services in a case study system in the central high-Andean Puna of Peru. We developed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the matrix. The differences between the configuration, spatial patterns, and historical trajectories of bundles were measured and compared. We focused on two hypotheses: first, bundles of ecosystem services are mainly affected by the method applied for assessing them; second, these bundles are influenced by the scale of observation over time. For the first hypothesis, the results suggested that the selection of a method for assessing bundles have inferences on the interactions with land-use change. The diverse implications to management on ecosystem services support that static and dynamic assessments can be complementary to obtain better contributions for decision-making. For the second hypothesis, our study showed that municipality and grid-scales kept similar sensitivity in capturing the aspects of ecosystem service bundles. Then, in favorable research conditions, we recommend the combination of a municipal and a fine-grid scale to assure robustness and successfully land-use planning processes.Madrigal-Martínez, S.; Miralles García, JL. (2020). Assessment Method and Scale of Observation Influence Ecosystem Service Bundles. Land. 9(10):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100392S119910Liu, J., Mooney, H., Hull, V., Davis, S. J., Gaskell, J., Hertel, T., … Li, S. (2015). Systems integration for global sustainability. Science, 347(6225). doi:10.1126/science.1258832Abson, D. J., von Wehrden, H., Baumgärtner, S., Fischer, J., Hanspach, J., Härdtle, W., … Walmsley, D. (2014). Ecosystem services as a boundary object for sustainability. Ecological Economics, 103, 29-37. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.012Spellerberg, I., Vos, C. C., & Opdam, P. (1993). Landscape Ecology of a Stressed Environment. The Journal of Ecology, 81(3), 599. doi:10.2307/2261549Vihervaara, P., Rönkä, M., & Walls, M. (2010). Trends in Ecosystem Service Research: Early Steps and Current Drivers. AMBIO, 39(4), 314-324. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0048-xLee, H., & Lautenbach, S. (2016). A quantitative review of relationships between ecosystem services. Ecological Indicators, 66, 340-351. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.004Mouchet, M. A., Lamarque, P., Martín-López, B., Crouzat, E., Gos, P., Byczek, C., & Lavorel, S. (2014). An interdisciplinary methodological guide for quantifying associations between ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 28, 298-308. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.012Cord, A. F., Bartkowski, B., Beckmann, M., Dittrich, A., Hermans-Neumann, K., Kaim, A., … Volk, M. (2017). Towards systematic analyses of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies: Main concepts, methods and the road ahead. Ecosystem Services, 28, 264-272. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.07.012Howe, C., Suich, H., Vira, B., & Mace, G. M. (2014). Creating win-wins from trade-offs? Ecosystem services for human well-being: A meta-analysis of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in the real world. Global Environmental Change, 28, 263-275. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.005Deng, X., Li, Z., & Gibson, J. (2016). A review on trade-off analysis of ecosystem services for sustainable land-use management. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 26(7), 953-968. doi:10.1007/s11442-016-1309-9Renard, D., Rhemtulla, J. M., & Bennett, E. M. (2015). Historical dynamics in ecosystem service bundles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(43), 13411-13416. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502565112Madrigal-Martínez, S., & Miralles i García, J. L. (2019). Land-change dynamics and ecosystem service trends across the central high-Andean Puna. Scientific Reports, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46205-9Stürck, J., Schulp, C. J. E., & Verburg, P. H. (2015). Spatio-temporal dynamics of regulating ecosystem services in Europe – The role of past and future land use change. Applied Geography, 63, 121-135. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.06.009Hou, Y., Lü, Y., Chen, W., & Fu, B. (2017). Temporal variation and spatial scale dependency of ecosystem service interactions: a case study on the central Loess Plateau of China. Landscape Ecology, 32(6), 1201-1217. doi:10.1007/s10980-017-0497-8Xu, S., Liu, Y., Wang, X., & Zhang, G. (2017). Scale effect on spatial patterns of ecosystem services and associations among them in semi-arid area: A case study in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Science of The Total Environment, 598, 297-306. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.009Raudsepp-Hearne, C., & Peterson, G. D. (2016). Scale and ecosystem services: how do observation, management, and analysis shift with scale—lessons from Québec. Ecology and Society, 21(3). doi:10.5751/es-08605-210316Rodríguez, L. C., Pascual, U., & Niemeyer, H. M. (2006). Local identification and valuation of ecosystem goods and services from Opuntia scrublands of Ayacucho, Peru. Ecological Economics, 57(1), 30-44. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.022Bennett, E. M., Peterson, G. D., & Gordon, L. J. (2009). Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters, 12(12), 1394-1404. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.xRaudsepp-Hearne, C., Peterson, G. D., & Bennett, E. M. (2010). Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(11), 5242-5247. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907284107Tomscha, S. A., & Gergel, S. E. (2016). Ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies misunderstood without landscape history. Ecology and Society, 21(1). doi:10.5751/es-08345-210143Lavorel, S., Bayer, A., Bondeau, A., Lautenbach, S., Ruiz-Frau, A., Schulp, N., … Marba, N. (2017). Pathways to bridge the biophysical realism gap in ecosystem services mapping approaches. Ecological Indicators, 74, 241-260. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.015Li, T., Lü, Y., Fu, B., Hu, W., & Comber, A. J. (2019). Bundling ecosystem services for detecting their interactions driven by large-scale vegetation restoration: enhanced services while depressed synergies. Ecological Indicators, 99, 332-342. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.12.041Wei, H., Fan, W., Lu, N., Xu, Z., Liu, H., Chen, W., … Dong, X. (2019). Integrating Biophysical and Sociocultural Methods for Identifying the Relationships between Ecosystem Services and Land Use Change: Insights from an Oasis Area. Sustainability, 11(9), 2598. doi:10.3390/su11092598Hamann, M., Biggs, R., & Reyers, B. (2015). Mapping social–ecological systems: Identifying ‘green-loop’ and ‘red-loop’ dynamics based on characteristic bundles of ecosystem service use. Global Environmental Change, 34, 218-226. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.008Dou, H., Li, X., Li, S., & Dang, D. (2018). How to Detect Scale Effect of Ecosystem Services Supply? A Comprehensive Insight from Xilinhot in Inner Mongolia, China. Sustainability, 10(10), 3654. doi:10.3390/su10103654Cui, F., Tang, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, B., & Dai, L. (2019). Integrating ecosystem services supply and demand into optimized management at different scales: A case study in Hulunbuir, China. Ecosystem Services, 39, 100984. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100984Qiao, X., Gu, Y., Zou, C., Xu, D., Wang, L., Ye, X., … Huang, X. (2019). Temporal variation and spatial scale dependency of the trade-offs and synergies among multiple ecosystem services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China. Science of The Total Environment, 651, 218-229. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.135Roces-Díaz, J. V., Vayreda, J., Banqué-Casanovas, M., Díaz-Varela, E., Bonet, J. A., Brotons, L., … Martínez-Vilalta, J. (2018). The spatial level of analysis affects the patterns of forest ecosystem services supply and their relationships. Science of The Total Environment, 626, 1270-1283. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.150Spake, R., Lasseur, R., Crouzat, E., Bullock, J. M., Lavorel, S., Parks, K. E., … Eigenbrod, F. (2017). Unpacking ecosystem service bundles: Towards predictive mapping of synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 47, 37-50. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.004Dade, M. C., Mitchell, M. G. E., McAlpine, C. A., & Rhodes, J. R. (2018). Assessing ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies: The need for a more mechanistic approach. Ambio, 48(10), 1116-1128. doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1127-7Saidi, N., & Spray, C. (2018). Ecosystem services bundles: challenges and opportunities for implementation and further research. Environmental Research Letters, 13(11), 113001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae5e0Crouzat, E., Mouchet, M., Turkelboom, F., Byczek, C., Meersmans, J., Berger, F., … Lavorel, S. (2015). Assessing bundles of ecosystem services from regional to landscape scale: insights from the French Alps. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(5), 1145-1155. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12502Van der Biest, K., D’Hondt, R., Jacobs, S., Landuyt, D., Staes, J., Goethals, P., & Meire, P. (2014). EBI: An index for delivery of ecosystem service bundles. Ecological Indicators, 37, 252-265. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.006Egoh, B. N., Reyers, B., Rouget, M., & Richardson, D. M. (2011). Identifying priority areas for ecosystem service management in South African grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(6), 1642-1650. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.019Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Amo, D. G. D., … Montes, C. (2012). Uncovering Ecosystem Service Bundles through Social Preferences. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e38970. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038970Yang, G., Ge, Y., Xue, H., Yang, W., Shi, Y., Peng, C., … Chang, J. (2015). Using ecosystem service bundles to detect trade-offs and synergies across urban–rural complexes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 136, 110-121. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.006Queiroz, C., Meacham, M., Richter, K., Norström, A. V., Andersson, E., Norberg, J., & Peterson, G. (2015). Mapping bundles of ecosystem services reveals distinct types of multifunctionality within a Swedish landscape. AMBIO, 44(S1), 89-101. doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0601-0Turner, K. G., Odgaard, M. V., Bøcher, P. K., Dalgaard, T., & Svenning, J.-C. (2014). Bundling ecosystem services in Denmark: Trade-offs and synergies in a cultural landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 89-104. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.007Kühne, O., & Duttmann, R. (2019). Recent Challenges of the Ecosystems Services Approach from an Interdisciplinary Point of View. Raumforschung und Raumordnung Spatial Research and Planning, 0(0). doi:10.2478/rara-2019-0055Birkhofer, K., Diehl, E., Andersson, J., Ekroos, J., Früh-Müller, A., Machnikowski, F., … Smith, H. G. (2015). Ecosystem services—current challenges and opportunities for ecological research. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2. doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00087Rieb, J. T., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Daily, G. C., Armsworth, P. R., Böhning-Gaese, K., Bonn, A., … Bennett, E. M. (2017). When, Where, and How Nature Matters for Ecosystem Services: Challenges for the Next Generation of Ecosystem Service Models. BioScience, 67(9), 820-833. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix075Vallet, A., Locatelli, B., Levrel, H., Wunder, S., Seppelt, R., Scholes, R. J., & Oszwald, J. (2018). Relationships Between Ecosystem Services: Comparing Methods for Assessing Tradeoffs and Synergies. Ecological Economics, 150, 96-106. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.002Zheng, Z., Fu, B., Hu, H., & Sun, G. (2014). A method to identify the variable ecosystem services relationship across time: a case study on Yanhe Basin, China. Landscape Ecology, 29(10), 1689-1696. doi:10.1007/s10980-014-0088-xMADRIGAL-MARTINEZ, S., & MIRALLES I GARCIA, J. L. (2019). UNDERSTANDING LAND USE CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL HIGH-ANDEAN MOIST PUNA. The Sustainable City XIII. doi:10.2495/sc190161Young, K. R. (2009). ANDEAN LAND USE AND BIODIVERSITY: HUMANIZED LANDSCAPES IN A TIME OF CHANGE. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 96(3), 492-507. doi:10.3417/2008035Jacobs, S., Burkhard, B., Van Daele, T., Staes, J., & Schneiders, A. (2015). ‘The Matrix Reloaded’: A review of expert knowledge use for mapping ecosystem services. Ecological Modelling, 295, 21-30. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.08.024Campagne, C. S., Roche, P., Müller, F., & Burkhard, B. (2020). Ten years of ecosystem services matrix: Review of a (r)evolution. One Ecosystem, 5. doi:10.3897/oneeco.5.e51103Burkhard, B., Kandziora, M., Hou, Y., & Müller, F. (2014). Ecosystem service potentials, flows and demands-concepts for spatial localisation, indication and quantification. Landscape Online, 34, 1-32. doi:10.3097/lo.201434Drescher, M., Perera, A. H., Johnson, C. J., Buse, L. J., Drew, C. A., & Burgman, M. A. (2013). Toward rigorous use of expert knowledge in ecological research. Ecosphere, 4(7), art83. doi:10.1890/es12-00415.1Roche, P. K., & Campagne, C. S. (2019). Are expert-based ecosystem services scores related to biophysical quantitative estimates? Ecological Indicators, 106, 105421. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.052INEI—National Institute of Statistics and Informatics National censushttps://www.inei.gob.pe/estadisticas/censos/Ryden, K. (1987). Environmental Systems Research Institute Mapping. The American Cartographer, 14(3), 261-263. doi:10.1559/152304087783875930Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., & Niknafs, A. (2014). NbClust: AnRPackage for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set. Journal of Statistical Software, 61(6). doi:10.18637/jss.v061.i06Hill, M. O. (1973). Diversity and Evenness: A Unifying Notation and Its Consequences. Ecology, 54(2), 427-432. doi:10.2307/1934352Jost, L. (2006). Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113(2), 363-375. doi:10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.xMetzger, M. J., Rounsevell, M. D. A., Van den Heiligenberg, H. A. R. M., Pérez-Soba, M., & Soto Hardiman, P. (2010). How Personal Judgment Influences Scenario Development: an Example for Future Rural Development in Europe. Ecology and Society, 15(2). doi:10.5751/es-03305-150205De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. (2010). Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity, 7(3), 260-272. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006Stürck, J., & Verburg, P. H. (2016). Multifunctionality at what scale? A landscape multifunctionality assessment for the European Union under conditions of land use change. Landscape Ecology, 32(3), 481-500. doi:10.1007/s10980-016-0459-6Zen, M., Candiago, S., Schirpke, U., Egarter Vigl, L., & Giupponi, C. (2019). Upscaling ecosystem service maps to administrative levels: beyond scale mismatches. Science of The Total Environment, 660, 1565-1575. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.087Turner, M. G., O’Neill, R. V., Gardner, R. H., & Milne, B. T. (1989). Effects of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology, 3(3-4), 153-162. doi:10.1007/bf00131534Verhagen, W., Van Teeffelen, A. J. A., Baggio Compagnucci, A., Poggio, L., Gimona, A., & Verburg, P. H. (2016). Effects of landscape configuration on mapping ecosystem service capacity: a review of evidence and a case study in Scotland. Landscape Ecology, 31(7), 1457-1479. doi:10.1007/s10980-016-0345-2Scholes, R., Reyers, B., Biggs, R., Spierenburg, M., & Duriappah, A. (2013). Multi-scale and cross-scale assessments of social–ecological systems and their ecosystem services. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(1), 16-25. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.01.004Felipe-Lucia, M. R., Comín, F. A., & Bennett, E. M. (2014). Interactions Among Ecosystem Services Across Land Uses in a Floodplain Agroecosystem. Ecology and Society, 19(1). doi:10.5751/es-06249-190120Trabucchi, M., Comín, F. A., & O’Farrell, P. J. (2013). Hierarchical priority setting for restoration in a watershed in NE Spain, based on assessments of soil erosion and ecosystem services. Regional Environmental Change, 13(4), 911-926. doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0392-4Pandeya, B., Buytaert, W., Zulkafli, Z., Karpouzoglou, T., Mao, F., & Hannah, D. M. (2016). A comparative analysis of ecosystem services valuation approaches for application at the local scale and in data scarce regions. Ecosystem Services, 22, 250-259. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.015Hein, L., van Koppen, C. S. A. (Kris), van Ierland, E. C., & Leidekker, J. (2016). Temporal scales, ecosystem dynamics, stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystems services. Ecosystem Services, 21, 109-119. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.008Hou, Y., Burkhard, B., & Müller, F. (2013). Uncertainties in landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 127, S117-S131. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.002Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Müller, F., & Windhorst, W. (2009). Landscapes’ capacities to provide ecosystem services - A concept for land-cover based assessments. Landscape Online, 15, 1-22. doi:10.3097/lo.200915Bolliger, J., & Mladenoff, D. J. (2005). Quantifying spatial classification uncertainties of the historical Wisconsin landscape (USA). Ecography, 28(2), 141-156. doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2005.03955.