Medir el potencial hídrico: cuándo, dónde y por qué?

A pesar de que existe un consenso en que la medida del potencial hídrico es muy representativa del estado hídrico de la planta, existen algunas discrepancias sobre cómo y a qué hora del día se deben realizar estas mediciones para obtener informació

Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: tackling the issue from the roots

Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental‐friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil‐hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil–root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil‐borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: tackling the issue from the roots

[EN] Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental-friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil-hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil-root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil-borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.This work is framed in the networking activities of RedVitis (AGL2015-70931-REDT) and RedVitis 2.0 (AGL2017-90759-REDT), funded by the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Ms Diana Marin is beneficiary of postgraduate scholarship funded by Universidad Publica de Navarra (FPI-UPNA-2016). Dr Juan Emilio Palomares-Rius acknowledges the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the 'Ramon y Cajal' Fellowship RYC-2017-22228 and Dr David Gramaje acknowledges Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the 'Ramon y Cajal' Fellowship RYC-2017-23098.Marín, D.; Armengol Fortí, J.; Carbonell-Bejerano, P.; Escalona, J.; Gramaje Pérez, D.; Hernández-Montes, E.; Intrigliolo, DS.... (2021). Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: tackling the issue from the roots. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. 27(1):8-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12463S825271AGÜERO, C. B., URATSU, S. L., GREVE, C., POWELL, A. L. T., LABAVITCH, J. M., MEREDITH, C. P., & DANDEKAR, A. M. (2005). Evaluation of tolerance to Pierce’s disease andBotrytisin transgenic plants ofVitis viniferaL. expressing the pear PGIP gene. 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Decision support system for selecting the rootstock, irrigation regime and nitrogen fertilization in winemaking vineyards: WANUGRAPE4.0

We aim to develop and transfer to the wine sector a decision support system (DSS) in the frame of WANEGRAPE4.0 project that, integrated into a geographic information system, helps wine growers in i) selecting the most suitable rootstock given some agroecological conditions and oenological objectives; and ii) managing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in the most suitable way for the selected rootstock and agroecological conditions. The following goals have been achieved. First, the modular structure and information flow of the DSS has been defined. Second, the main algorithms of the water balance module (DSS core part) have been formulated and the module coded in a spreadsheet. Third, this water balance module has been tested with data from field experiments in several regions of Spain. Fourth, the relationships between grapevine water status and production and harvest quality variables have been established, revealing an always-significant effects of the decrease in water stress on vegetative development, yield, and grape composition. Fifth, the nitrogen fertilizer effects on vine performance has been assessed. Sixth, the effects rootstocks have on 5 parameters of vine production and grape quality for winemaking have been established too by doing another meta-analysis of rootstock trials. Seventh, a rootstock selection module has been defined. The WANUGRAPE4.0 project goes on with the integration of all its modules, their coding in a World Wide Web language and their publication on an Internet portal

Regulated deficit irrigation effects on growth, yield, grape quality and individual anthocyanin composition in Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Tempranillo'

Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) is an irrigation scheduling technique, originally developed for fruit orchards, that has been successfully adapted for winegrape production. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of RDI in vegetative growth, yield and harvest quality in 'Tempranillo' vineyards grown under semiarid conditions typical in Mediterranean areas. Two RDI strategies were compared with conventional irrigation practices (CI). CI that consisted in a progressive increase in water deficit as summer progressed, whereas RDI strategies (RDI1 and RDI2) had in common a deficit period just after fruit set and, in RDI2, vines were subjected to an additional stress period shortly after veraison. The experiment was carried out in four consecutive seasons in a commercial vineyard. Water stress at the beginning of berry development resulted in an important reduction of both vegetative growth and berry weight in RDI strategies. No differences in sugar concentration were found between treatments, and RDI berries tended to have lower acidity. The most relevant effect of RDI strategies on grape quality was an increase in anthocyanin and phenolics concentration. In RDI1 berries, this increase was mainly an indirect consequence of smaller berry size. However, in the RDI2 treatment the higher berry anthocyanin concentration reported was not exclusively due to a reduction in berry size. Since harvest quality has been clearly improved by any of the RDI strategies in both years, it can be concluded that RDI constitutes an interesting technique to be applied in 'Tempranillo' vineyards grown in semiarid areas aiming to obtain high quality grape.Irrigation scheduling Leaf water potential Carbon isotopic ratio Berry size

Are precision agriculture tools and methods relevant at the whole vineyard scale ?

International audiencePrecision viticulture (PV) has been mainly applied at the field level, for which the ability of high resolution data to match within-field variability has been already shown. However, the interest of PV for grape growers would be greater if its principles could also apply at a larger scale, as most growers still focus their management on a multi-field scale, not considering each field as an isolated unit. The aim of this study was to analyse whether it is possible and relevant to use PV tools to define meaningful management zones at the whole-vineyard scale. The study was carried out on a 90-ha vineyard made of 27 contiguous fields. The spatial variability of vine vigour, estimated with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), was analysed at within-field and whole-vineyard scales. The spatial variability of the vigour was significant and spatially organized whatever the considered scale. Besides, vineyard spatial variability was characterised using information on environmental factors (soil apparent conductivity and elevation) and vine response (yield, vigour and grape composition). At both scales, NDVI and measured environmental factors were used to establish a three-level classification, whose agronomic significance was tested comparing the vine response observed for each class. The analysis of high resolution information allowed the definition of classes with agronomic and oenological implications, although there was not a straightforward correspondence between the classes defined and quality. Analysing the variability at the whole-vineyard scale highlighted a trend of spatial variation associated to elevation that was hardly visible at the within-field level

Est-il pertinent d'envisager la télédétection pour orienter le positionnement de capteurs de suivi des plantes ?

International audienceAn experiment was carried out to test the relevance of using satellite images (NDVI) to define locations of plant monitoring systems. The experiment took place over a 200 ha commercial vineyard located in Navarra (Spain). Airborne images of 30 cm. resolution were processed to compute a biomass index (NDVI). Images were segmented in four classes according to the NDVI pixel values. Each of the zones was assigned a linguistic label: low, medium, high, very high. For each of these zones, punctual information related to plant vigour and plant water deficit were collected during the vine growing period. Plant monitoring systems (dendrometer) and soil monitoring systems (C-probe) were positioned according to NDVI zones. Parameters like Daily growth (DG) and maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) were derived from dendrometers for each NDVI zone. Similarly, soil moisture provided by soil sensors were associated to NDVI zones. Finally, harvest quality was measured. Data were analysed on a NDVI zone basis. Results confirmed the relevance of NDVI information to highlight zones of different vigour and yield which corresponded, in our conditions, to zones with different water restriction. Results highlighted the difficulty to use NDVI information as a surrogate for harvest quality. This experiment also pointed out the lack of coherence between NDVI zones and information provided by plant and soil monitoring systems. This weak relation may be explained by problems of high variability due to the choice of the plant or the soil location and difficulty to compare values provided by different sensors at the same time

Pertinence de l'estimation du puits pour le zonage intra-parcellaire de la vigne

International audienceSource to sink size ratio, i.e.: the relative abundance of photosynthetically active organs (leaves) with regards to photosynthate demanding organs (mainly bunches), is widely known to be one of the main drivers of grape oenological quality. However, due to the difficulty of remote sink size estimation, Precision Viticulture (PV) has been mainly based on within-field zone delineation using vegetation indices. This approach has given only moderately satisfactory results for discriminating zones with differential quality. The aim of this work was to investigate an approach to delineate within-vineyard quality zones that includes an estimator of sink size in the data-set. The study was carried out during two consecutive seasons on a 4.2 ha gobelet-trained cv. ‘Tempranillo’ vineyard. Zone delineation was performed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and bunch number (BN) data. These variables were considered separately, in pairs, or the three altogether, using fuzzy k-means cluster analysis for combinations. The zones delineated based on single variables did not allow a sufficient discrimination for grape composition at harvest, NDVI being the only variable that by itself resulted in zones that to some extent differed in grape composition. On the contrary, when two variables were combined, discrimination in terms of grape composition improved remarkably, provided the sink size estimation variable (BN) was included in the combination. Lastly, the combination of the three variables yielded the best discriminating zoning, improving slightly on those provided by NDVI+BN and ECa+BN combinations. Thus, the relevance of including a variable related to sink size (in this case the number of bunches per plant) has been confirmed, which makes its consideration highly advisable for any PV work aiming at zone delineation for grape quality purposes

Oenological significance of vineyard management zones delineated using early grape sampling

International audienceEarly definition of oenologically significant zones within a vineyard is one of the main goals of precision viticulture, as it would allow an increase in profitability through the adaptation of agronomic practices to the specific requirements of each zone, and/or segregation of the harvest into different batches to produce wines with different qualities. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether early grape sampling is a relevant tool for within-vineyard zone definition. The study was carried out in 2010 and 2011 in a 4.2 ha vineyard, where a grid of 60 sampling points was defined. 300-berry samples were picked from each sampling point after veraison and at harvest, post-veraison information being used to define zones within the vineyard after fuzzy k-means analysis and subsequent application of a zoning procedure that took into account membership degree and neighbourhood criteria. Two variations of the zoning procedure were used, standard (StdZ) and top (TopZ) zoning. Each was designed to meet different requirements of wineries; StdZ gave the same oenological relevance to all the zones, and TopZ differentiated the zones producing "top class" grapes, minimizing the within-zone variability in the top-class zone. Grape composition obtained at harvest from the zones delineated post-veraison was compared. Zone delineation using post-veraison data was proved to be oenologically relevant, provided sampling is performed once veraison is completed. The two zoning algorithms designed were shown to be suitable for objective zone delineation according to the goals intended for each

Estimation de la variabilité spatiale de l'état hydrique sur un vignoble espagnol non irrigué

International audienceMonitoring water status at different points within a single field is time-consuming and expensive. Nevertheless, it is necessary to consider within-field variability since water status is usually highly variable and conditions greatly grape quality. To overcome this situation, models that allow estimation of the relative difference in vine water status between a reference point and other points in the field have been developed. The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a model developed in South Eastern France for the spatial prediction of vine water status to the conditions of a traditional rain-fed vineyard in Rioja Alavesa, Spain. The model proved to be suitable to estimate grapevine water status variability within a medium size vineyard (4.2 ha) under the traditional growing conditions in Rioja Alavesa (gobelet trained cv. Tempranillo vines with no irrigation), although it was necessary to include some water status related information [in this case carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) from the previous season] to improve the performance and applicability of the model