11,317 research outputs found
Dust Transport in Protostellar Disks Through Turbulence and Settling
We apply ionization balance and MHD calculations to investigate whether
magnetic activity moderated by recombination on dust can account for the mass
accretion rates and the mid-infrared spectra and variability of protostellar
disks. The MHD calculations use the stratified shearing-box approach and
include grain settling and the feedback from the changing dust abundance on the
resistivity of the gas. The two-decade spread in accretion rates among T Tauri
stars is too large to result solely from variety in the grain size and stellar
X-ray luminosity, but can be produced by varying these together with the disk
magnetic flux. The diversity in the silicate bands can come from the coupling
of grain settling to the distribution of the magneto-rotational turbulence,
through three effects: (1) Recombination on grains yields a magnetically
inactive dead zone extending above two scale heights, while turbulence in the
magnetically active disk atmosphere overshoots the dead zone boundary by only
about one scale height. (2) Grains deep in the dead zone oscillate vertically
in waves driven by the turbulent layer above, but on average settle at the
laminar rates, so the interior of the dead zone is a particle sink and the disk
atmosphere becomes dust-depleted. (3) With sufficient depletion, the dead zone
is thinner and mixing dredges grains off the midplane. The MHD results also
show that the magnetic activity intermittently lifts clouds of dust into the
atmosphere. The photosphere height changes by up to one-third over a few
orbits, while the extinction along lines of sight grazing the disk surface
varies by factors of two over times down to 0.1 orbit. We suggest that the
changing shadows cast by the dust clouds on the outer disk are a cause of the
daily to monthly mid-infrared variability in some young stars. (Abridged.)Comment: ApJ in pres
Recombining Plasma & Gamma-ray Emission in the Mixed-morphology Supernova Remnant 3C 400.2
3C 400.2 belongs to the mixed morphology supernova remnant class, showing
center-filled X-ray and shell-like radio morphology. We present a study of 3C
400.2 with archival Suzaku and Fermi-LAT observations. We find recombining
plasma (RP) in the Suzaku spectra of north-east and south-east regions. The
spectra of these regions are well described by two-component thermal plasma
models: The hard component is in RP, while the soft component is in collisional
ionization equilibrium (CIE) conditions. The RP has enhanced abundances
indicating that the X-ray emission has an ejecta origin, while the CIE has
solar abundances associated with the interstellar material. The X-ray spectra
of north-west and south-west regions are best fitted by a two-component thermal
plasma model: an ionizing and a CIE plasma. We have detected GeV gamma-ray
emission from 3C 400.2 at the level of 5 assuming a point-like
source model with a power-law (PL) type spectrum. We have also detected a new
GeV source at the level of 13 assuming a Gaussian extension model
with a PL type spectrum in the neighborhood of the SNR. We report the analysis
results of 3C 400.2 and the new extended gamma-ray source and discuss the
nature of gamma-ray emission of 3C 400.2 in the context of existing NANTEN CO
data, DRAO HI data, and the Suzaku X-ray analysis results.Comment: Accepted to be published in the Astrophysical Journa
MRI channel flows and their parasites
Local simulations of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in accretion
disks can exhibit recurrent coherent structures called channel flows. The
formation and destruction of these structures may play a role in the
development and saturation of MRI-induced turbulence, and consequently help us
understand the time-dependent accretion behaviour of certain astrophysical
objects. Previous investigations have revealed that channel solutions are
attacked by various parasitic modes, foremost of which is an analogue of the
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. We revisit these instabilities and show how they
relate to the classical instabilities of plasma physics, the kink and pinch
modes. However, we argue that in most cases channels emerge from developed
turbulence and are eventually destroyed by turbulent mixing, not by the
parasites. The exceptions are the clean isolated channels which appear in
systems near criticality or which emerge from low amplitude initial conditions.
These structures inevitably achieve large amplitudes and are only then
destroyed, giving rise to eruptive behaviour.Comment: 17 pages, 17 figures, accepted by MNRA
Radial and vertical angular momentum transport in protostellar discs
Angular momentum in protostellar discs can be transported either radially,
through turbulence induced by the magnetorotational instability (MRI), or
vertically, through the torque exerted by a large-scale magnetic field. We
present a model of steady-state discs where these two mechanisms operate at the
same radius and derive approximate criteria for their occurrence in an
ambipolar diffusion dominated disc. We obtain "weak field'' solutions - which
we associate with the MRI channel modes in a stratified disc - and transform
them into accretion solutions with predominantly radial angular-momentum
transport by implementing a turbulent-stress prescription based on published
results of numerical simulations. We also analyze "intermediate field
strength'' solutions in which both radial and vertical transport operate at the
same radial location. Our results suggest, however, that this overlap is
unlikely to occur in real discs.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, aastex.cls. Accepted for publication in
Astrophysics & Space Scienc
Swift development of protective effector functions in naive CD8(+) T cells against malaria liver stages.
We generated T cell receptor transgenic mice specific for the liver stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii and studied the early events in the development of in vivo effector functions in antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Differently to activated/memory cells, naive CD8(+) T cells are not capable of exerting antiparasitic activity unless previously primed by parasite immunization. While naive cells need to differentiate before achieving effector status, the time required for this process is very short. Indeed, interferon (IFN)-gamma and perforin mRNA are detectable 24 h after immunization and IFN-gamma secretion and cytotoxic activity are detected ex vivo 24 and 48 h after immunization, respectively. In contrast, the proliferation of CD8(+) T cells begins after 24 h and an increase in the total number of antigen-specific cells is detected only after 48 h. Remarkably, a strong CD8(+) T cell-mediated inhibition of parasite development is observed in mice challenged with viable parasites only 24 h after immunization with attenuated parasites. These results indicate that differentiation of naive CD8(+) T cells does not begin only after extensive cell division, rather this process precedes or occurs simultaneously with proliferation
Social actors in the global market : socio-economic impacts of shrimp aquaculture in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Indonesia;economic implications;exports;aquaculture;shrimps;social implications
Sistem Pakar Berbasis Web untuk Pengenalan Dini terhadap Karakter Investasi Individu
The objective of this research is to develop a web-based expert system for early detection towards characters of investment of people who will invest immediately on their productive ages. The development of this application is encompassing four primary activities in developing an expert system, namely: knowledgeacquisition, knowledge representation, knowledge inferencing, and knowledge transfering. Knowledge acquisition is a process of acquisition or transfering knowledge or expertise of an expert through a knowledge engineer. Knowledge representation is a process of transfering knowledge into a computer based system. Knowledge inferencing is a reasoning process performed by an expert system to draw a conclusion or a final result. The reasoning process applies a forward-chaining method. Knowledge transfering is a process of transfering knowledge from an expert system to a user (non-expert one) through a user interface of the expert system. This expert system has been tested to about 300 users. This simple system generally runs quite well although there are still some weakness to refine in the further research
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