Scattering of shock waves in QCD

The cross section of heavy-ion collisions is represented as a double functional integral with the saddle point being the classical solution of the Yang-Mills equations with boundary conditions/sources in the form of two shock waves corresponding to the two colliding ions. I develop the expansion of this classical solution in powers of the commutator of the Wilson lines describing the colliding particles and calculate the first two terms of the expansion.Comment: 23 pages, 13 figure

Efektivitas Komunikasi Interpersonal Orang Tua-anak Dengan Intensi Merokok

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara efektivitas komunikasi orang tua-anak dengan intensi merokok pada siswa SMK “X” Semarang dan mengetahui sumbangan efektif variabel efektivitas komunikasi interpersonal orang tua-anak terhadap intensi merokok.Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa laki-laki SMK “X” Semarang dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 162 siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara cluster random sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan dua skala psikologi, yaitu Skala Intensi Merokok dan Skala Efektivitas Komunikasi Interpersonal Orang Tua-Anak. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi sederhana. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai rxy = -0,394 dengan nilai p = 0,000 (p < 0,01). Artinya terdapat hubungan negatif antara efektivitas komunikasi interpersonal orang tua-anak dengan intensi merokok pada siswa laki-laki SMK “X” Semarang. Sumbangan efektif variabel efektivitas komunikasi interpersonal orang tua-anak adalah sebesar 15,6%. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa intensi merokok 15,6 % ditentukan oleh efektivitas komunikasi interpersonal orang tua-anak. Sedangkan 84,4% dijelaskan oleh faktor-faktor lain

Climate versus carbon dioxide controls on biomass burning: a model analysis of the glacial–interglacial contrast

Climate controls fire regimes through its influence on the amount and types of fuel present and their dryness. CO2 concentration constrains primary production by limiting photosynthetic activity in plants. However, although fuel accumulation depends on biomass production, and hence on CO2 concentration, the quantitative relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and biomass burning is not well understood. Here a fire-enabled dynamic global vegetation model (the Land surface Processes and eXchanges model, LPX) is used to attribute glacial–interglacial changes in biomass burning to an increase in CO2, which would be expected to increase primary production and therefore fuel loads even in the absence of climate change, vs. climate change effects. Four general circulation models provided last glacial maximum (LGM) climate anomalies – that is, differences from the pre-industrial (PI) control climate – from the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase~2, allowing the construction of four scenarios for LGM climate. Modelled carbon fluxes from biomass burning were corrected for the model's observed prediction biases in contemporary regional average values for biomes. With LGM climate and low CO2 (185 ppm) effects included, the modelled global flux at the LGM was in the range of 1.0–1.4 Pg C year-1, about a third less than that modelled for PI time. LGM climate with pre-industrial CO2 (280 ppm) yielded unrealistic results, with global biomass burning fluxes similar to or even greater than in the pre-industrial climate. It is inferred that a substantial part of the increase in biomass burning after the LGM must be attributed to the effect of increasing CO2 concentration on primary production and fuel load. Today, by analogy, both rising CO2 and global warming must be considered as risk factors for increasing biomass burning. Both effects need to be included in models to project future fire risks

The effect of different concentrations of tween-20 combined with rice husk silica on the stability of o/w emulsion: A kinetic study

Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system which undergoes destabilization with time. The destabilization kinetics of "food grade" oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions in the presence of both tween-20 and rice husk silica as emulsifiers were studied. Rice husk silica concentration of 2.5% was combined with various concentrations of tween-20 from 0.1 to 1%. Oil phase fraction was 20% relative to the aqueous phase. Emulsification was conducted using a rotor-stator homogenizer at 20,000 rpm. The emulsions tended to destabilize with time. Their destabilization rates were studied using zero order and first order kinetic models. In general, the kinetics of O/W emulsion destabilization followed first order model. Different concentrations of tween-20 combined with rice husk silica influenced the destabilization rate of o/w emulsions. Destabilization rates of emulsions stabilized using mixed emulsifiers of 1% tween-20 and 2.5% silica were ~50 times and ~3 times lower compared to those stabilized using silica alone and tween-20 alone, respectively

Alternatif Pembangkit Energi Listrik Menggunakan Prinsip Termoelektrik Generator

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has been used to produce electrical energy, the working principle of TEG, the temperature difference between two materials, will flow current, and produce a potential difference. This principle is known as the "Seebeck effect" which is a reverse phenomenon of the Peltier (Thermoelectric Cooling, TEC) effect. This research was conducted to determine the electrical nergy capacity produced for 10 TEG modules in series. Testing is done by utilizing heat energy from asphalt, water flow and connected to 10 TEG modules. The test results show that the maximum voltage is 18Voltdc 0.49 AmperePembangkit listrik termoelektrik (Thermoelectric Generator, TEG) telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan energi listrik, prinsip kerja TEG, perbedaan temperatur antar dua material, akan mengalirkan arus, dan menghasilkan beda potensial. Prinsip ini dikenal dengan “efek Seebeck” yang merupakan fenomena kebalikan dari efek Peltier (Thermoelectric Cooling, TEC). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kapasitas energi listrik yang dihasilkanuntuk 10 modul TEG secara seri. Pengujian dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan energi panas dari aspal, aliran air dan terhubung pada 10 modul TEG. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa tegangan maksimal 18Voltdc 0,49Ampere

Changes in biomass allocation buffer low CO2 effects on tree growth during the last glaciation

Isotopic measurements on junipers growing in southern California during the last glacial, when the ambient atmospheric [CO2] (ca) was ~180 ppm, show the leaf-internal [CO2] (ci) was approaching the modern CO2 compensation point for C3 plants. Despite this, stem growth rates were similar to today. Using a coupled light-use efficiency and tree growth model, we show that it is possible to maintain a stable ci/ca ratio because both vapor pressure deficit and temperature were decreased under glacial conditions at La Brea, and these have compensating effects on the ci/ca ratio. Reduced photorespiration at lower temperatures would partly mitigate the effect of low ci on gross primary production, but maintenance of present-day radial growth also requires a ~27% reduction in the ratio of fine root mass to leaf area. Such a shift was possible due to reduced drought stress under glacial conditions at La Brea. The necessity for changes in allocation in response to changes in [CO2] is consistent with increased below-ground allocation, and the apparent homoeostasis of radial growth, as ca increases today

Entomological Surveillance Of Malaria Vectors In Saumlaki, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency, Maluku Province

The research aims to determine the prevalence of malaria and Anopheles spp using bio-ecology surveillance in Alusi and Waturu community health centers in Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency. The study was conducted in March-April 2015 with cross sectional design. In this research, we performed mass blood survey on 489 participants in the Kilmasa village and 434 participants in Waturu village. We also performed entomology surveillances, i.e. larval density, catching Anopheles spp, temperature, humidity, and salinity. To confirm malaria vectors, we used enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. The data analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed proportion 0.20% malaria morbidity in Kilmasa village and 0.23% in Waturu village. Anopheles flavirostris and An. barbirostris group were likely to bite a human outside and inside the house and peaked at 11.00 pm-12.00 pm. The parous rate of An. flavirostris and An. barbirostris was 46% and 26%, respectively. Human blood index of An.flavirostris and An. barbirostris was 33.3% and by 70%, respectively. Anopheles flavirostri and An. barbirostris were malaria vectors with sporozoite rate 0.38% and 12.5%, respectively

Relaxation and reconstruction on (111) surfaces of Au, Pt, and Cu

We have theoretically studied the stability and reconstruction of (111) surfaces of Au, Pt, and Cu. We have calculated the surface energy, surface stress, interatomic force constants, and other relevant quantities by ab initio electronic structure calculations using the density functional theory (DFT), in a slab geometry with periodic boundary conditions. We have estimated the stability towards a quasi-one-dimensional reconstruction by using the calculated quantities as parameters in a one-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova model. On all surfaces we have found an intrinsic tensile stress. This stress is large enough on Au and Pt surfaces to lead to a reconstruction in which a denser surface layer is formed, in agreement with experiment. The experimentally observed differences between the dense reconstruction pattern on Au(111) and a sparse structure of stripes on Pt(111) are attributed to the details of the interaction potential between the first layer of atoms and the substrate.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Recent global and regional trends in burned area and their compensating environmental controls

The apparent decline in the global incidence of fire between 1996 and 2015, as measured by satellite- observations of burned area, has been related to socioeconomic and land use changes. However, recent decades have also seen changes in climate and vegetation that influence fire and fire-enabled vegetation models do not reproduce the apparent decline. Given that the satellite-derived burned area datasets are still relatively short (<20 years), this raises questions both about the robustness of the apparent decline and what causes it. We use two global satellite-derived burned area datasets and a data-driven fire model to (1) assess the spatio-temporal robustness of the burned area trends and (2) to relate the trends to underlying changes in temperature, precipitation, human population density and vegetation conditions. Although the satellite datasets and simulation all show a decline in global burned area over ~20 years, the trend is not significant and is strongly affected by the start and end year chosen for trend analysis and the year-to-year variability in burned area. The global and regional trends shown by the two satellite datasets are poorly correlated for the common overlapping period (2001–2015) and the fire model simulates changes in global and regional burned area that lie within the uncertainties of the satellite datasets. The model simulations show that recent increases in temperature would lead to increased burned area but this effect is compensated by increasing wetness or increases in population, both of which lead to declining burned area. Increases in vegetation cover and density associated with recent greening trends lead to increased burned area in fuel-limited regions. Our analyses show that global and regional burned area trends result from the interaction of compensating trends in controls of wildfire at regional scales

The Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecule CORM-2 Attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation

Chronic infections resulting from biofilm formation are difficult to eradicate with current antimicrobial agents and consequently new therapies are needed. This work demonstrates that the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule CORM-2, previously shown to kill planktonic bacteria, also attenuates surface-associated growth of the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by both preventing biofilm maturation and killing bacteria within the established biofilm. CORM-2 treatment has an additive effect when combined with tobramycin, a drug commonly used to treat P. aeruginosa lung infections. CORM-2 inhibited biofilm formation and planktonic growth of the majority of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates tested, for both mucoid and non-mucoid strains. While CORM-2 treatment increased the production of reactive oxygen species by P. aeruginosa biofilms, this increase did not correlate with bacterial death. These data demonstrate that CO-RMs possess potential novel therapeutic properties against a subset of P. aeruginosa biofilm related infections