Effects of pentoxifylline on the anemia resistant to erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients

A anemia na Insuficiência Renal Crônica deve-se à redução da produção de eritropoetina, devido à diminuição da massa renal funcionante. A eritropoetina tem sido preconizada para o tratamento da anemia, no entanto, cerca de 5% dos pacientes são resistentes à mesma. A resistência à eritropoetina é definida como a necessidade do uso de uma dose maior que 12.000U/Kg por semana, sem atingir o hematócrito alvo de 33 a 36%. As citocinas pró-inflamatórias têm uma associação importante com a anemia resistente ao tratamento com eritropoetina(EPO). A pentoxifilina tem sido usada para inibir a produção dessas citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Este estudo foi realizado com os pacientes sob hemodiálise no Instituto de Nefrologia Ribamar Vaz, do Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Maceió-AL. Os pacientes com diagnóstico de resistência à eritropoetina receberam pentoxifilina na dose de 400mg VO, após hemodiálise por seis meses. Avaliamos o hematócrito e a proteína C reativa (PCR) em 2 momentos: ao final de três meses com 12 pacientes e, ao final de seis meses, com 7 pacientes. A média de PCR dos 12 pacientes, no primeiro mês, foi de 5,65mg/l. No terceiro mês, de 2,58mg/l. Porém, no sexto mês, considerando apenas os 7 que terminaram o projeto, foi de 4,55mg/l. Não foi observada diferença significativa. A média final dos hematócritos(Htc) observada nos pacientes foi de 28,74 %. A média dos Htc na avaliação de seis meses que precederam o início do projeto, foi de 26,22%. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante, quer nos 12 pacientes acompanhados por três meses ou nos 7 que conseguiram concluir o estudo. Não observamos correlação entre os níveis de PCR e os de hematócrito. No entanto, em nossa amostragem, a média de PCR basal não estava elevada e este pode ter sido um fator importante nos resultados díspares em relação aos dados da literatura. Sendo assim, concluímos que, em nossa amostra, não obtivemos benefícios com o uso da pentoxifilina. Porém, certamente se fazem necessários estudos mais amplos e controlados para que se possa chegar a conclusões que norteiem a indicação clínica desta droga como coadjuvante da EPO.Anemia in End Stage Renal Disease occurs due to the reduction in the production of erythropoietin, caused by the decrease of the remaining renal mass. Erythropoietin has been indicated for the treatment of anemia; however, about 5% of the patients are resistant to it. Erythropoietin resistance makes it necessary to increase the dosage to more than 12000U/Kg/ per week, but without reaching the hematocrit target which should remain between 33 to 36%. The pro-inflammatory cytokines have an important association with the anemia resistant to erythropoietin treatment. Pentoxifylline has been used to inhibit the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study was carried out with patients on hemodialysis at the Ribamar Vaz Institute of Nephrology – at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital of Maceió. The patients with diagnosis of resistance to erythropoietin received pentoxifylline in the dosage of 400mg VO, after hemodialysis for six months. The hematocrit and protein C reactive (PCR) were analyzed twice: first at the end of three months with 12 patients and later at the end of six months, with 7 patients. The PCR average of the 12 patients in the first month was 5.65. In the third month it was 2.58. However, in the sixth month, just considering the 7 that finished the project, it was 4.55. No significant differences were observed. The final average of hematocrits observed in the patients was 28.74%. The HTC average, in the six-months evaluation that preceded the project, was 26.22%. No statistically-relevant differences were observed neither in the 12 patients followed for 3 months, nor in the 7 that had concluded the study. No correlations between the levels of PCR and HTC were observed. However, in our sampling, the average of basal PCR was not high and this might have been an important factor to explain the difference between our results and current literature. Therefore, we have concluded there were no benefits with the use of pentoxifylline. However, further studies, more comprehensive and accurate, are necessary in order to investigate the use of this drug as a support to EPO.BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertaçõe

Pentoxifylline effects on the resistant anemia to erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients

Anemia in end stage renal disease occurs due to the reduction in the production of erythropoietin caused by the decrease in functional renal mass. Erythropoietin has been indicated in the treatment of anemia however, about 5% of patients are resistant to this treatment. In erythropoietin resistance, it is necessary to increase the dosage to more than 12000 U/Kg/weekly, but even so the hematocrit target, which should remain between 33 and 36%, is not reached. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are significantly associated to resistance to erythropoietin treatment and so pentoxifylline is used to inhibit the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study was carried out with hemodialysis patients at the Ribamar Vaz Institute of Nephrology - in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital of Maceió. Patients with diagnoses of resistance to erythropoietin received 400mg VO pentoxifylline after hemodialysis over a period of six months. The hematocrit and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were analyzed three times: in the first month, at the end of three months (12 patients) and at the end of six months (7 patients). The mean CRP of the 12 patients in the first month was 5.65 and in the third month it was 2.58. However, in the sixth month, with the 7 patients remaining in the protocol, it was 4.55. No significant differences were observed. The final average hematocrit concentration of the patients was 28.74%. The average hematocrit concentration, in the six-month evaluation that preceded the project, was 26.22%. Statistically-relevant differences were not observed in the 12 patients followed up for 3 months or in the 7 that concluded the study. No correlations between the levels of CRP and hematocrit concentration were observed. However, in our sampling, the mean basal CRP was not high and this might have been an important factor to explain the difference between our results and other published reports. Thus, we conclude that there are no benefits with the use of pentoxifylline. However, further, more comprehensive studies are necessary in order to investigate the use of this drug as support in erythropoietin resistanc.A anemia na insuficiência renal crônica deve-se à redução da produção de eritropoetina, devido à diminuição da massa renal funcionante. A eritropoetina tem sido preconizada para o tratamento da anemia, no entanto, cerca de 5% dos pacientes são resistentes à mesma. A resistência à eritropoetina é definida como a necessidade do uso de uma dose maior que 12.000U/kg por semana, sem atingir o hematócrito alvo de 33% a 36%. As citocinas pró-inflamatórias têm uma associação importante com a anemia resistente ao tratamento com eritropoetina (EPO). A pentoxifilina tem sido usada para inibir a produção dessas citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Este estudo foi realizado com os pacientes sob hemodiálise no Instituto de Nefrologia Ribamar Vaz, do Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Maceió-Al. Os pacientes com diagnóstico de resistência à eritropoetina receberam pentoxifilina na dose de 400 mg VO, após hemodiálise por seis meses. Avaliamos o hematócrito e a proteína C reativa (PCR) em dois momentos: ao final de três meses com 12 pacientes e, ao final de seis meses, com sete pacientes. A média de PCR dos 12 pacientes, no primeiro mês, foi de 5,65 mg/l. No terceiro mês, de 2,58 mg/l. Porém, no sexto mês, considerando apenas os sete que terminaram o projeto, foi de 4,55 mg/l. Não foi observada diferença significativa. A média final dos hematócritos(Htc) observada nos pacientes foi de 28,74 %. A média dos Htc na avaliação de seis meses que precederam o início do projeto, foi de 26,22%. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante, quer nos 12 pacientes acompanhados por três meses ou nos sete que conseguiram concluir o estudo. Não observamos correlação entre os níveis de PCR e os de hematócrito. No entanto, em nossa amostragem, a média de PCR basal não estava elevada e este pode ter sido um fator importante nos resultados díspares em relação aos dados da literatura. Sendo assim, concluímos que, em nossa amostra, não obtivemos benefícios com o uso da pentoxifilina. Porém, certamente se fazem necessários estudos mais amplos e controlados para que se possa chegar a conclusões que norteiem a indicação clínica desta droga como coadjuvante da EPO.Fundação Universitária de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas Departamento de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de MedicinaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de MedicinaSciEL

Differential Expression of Immune Genes in the Rhipicephalus microplus Gut in Response to Theileria equi Infection

Rhipicephalus microplus is the only tick species known to serve as a biological vector of Theileria equi for horses and other equids in Brazil. The protozoan T. equi is one of the causal agents of equine piroplasmosis, a major threat in horse breeding systems. Vector competence is closely linked to the pathogens’ ability to evade tick defense mechanisms. However, knowledge of tick immune response against infections by hemoparasites of the Theileria genus is scarce. In the present study, the expression of genes involved in immune signaling pathways of R. microplus adults’ guts when challenged with a high or low parasitic load of T. equi was evaluated. This research demonstrates divergences in the immune gene expression pattern linked to T. equi infection in R. microplus since the Toll, IMD, and JNK signaling pathways were transcriptionally repressed in the guts of adult ticks infected with T. equi. Moreover, the results showed that different infectious doses of T. equi induce differential gene expression of key components of immune signaling cascades in R. microplus gut, suggesting a link between the intensity of infection and the activation of tick immunity response. The present study adds knowledge to elucidate the gut immune signaling response of R. microplus to T. equi infection. In addition, the generated data can serve as a basis for further investigations to develop strategies for controlling and preventing equine piroplasmosis.publishersversionpublishe

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Hepcidin: an important iron metabolism regulator in chronic kidney disease

Abstract Anemia is a common complication and its impact on morbimortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well known. The discovery of hepcidin and its functions has contributed to a better understanding of iron metabolism disorders in CKD anemia. Hepcidin is a peptide mainly produced by hepatocytes and, through a connection with ferroportin, it regulates iron absorption in the duodenum and its release of stock cells. High hepcidin concentrations described in patients with CKD, especially in more advanced stages are attributed to decreased renal excretion and increased production. The elevation of hepcidin has been associated with infection, inflammation, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Some strategies were tested to reduce the effects of hepcidin in patients with CKD, however more studies are necessary to assess the impact of its modulation in the management of anemia in this population

A hipoalbuminemia parece estar associada a uma maior taxa de hospitalização nos pacientes em hemodiálise

Resumo Introdução: Anemia, inflamação e hipoalbuminemia são complicações frequentemente observadas em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise crônica. Existem poucos dados nacionais que avaliam a associação dessas condições à morbidade e mortalidade especialmente considerando a região nordeste do país onde a ocorrência de anemia e desnutrição é elevada. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o impacto da presença da anemia, inflamação e hipoalbuminemia sobre os desfechos clínicos (óbito e hospitalização) de pacientes sob hemodiálise. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional com pacientes pre avaliados 221 pacientes adultos, considerando-se os valores de hemoglobina, proteína C reativa (PCR), albumina sérica no início do estudo. A ocorrência de hospitalização e óbito foi computada em um seguimento aproximado de 13 meses. Resultados: A ocorrência de hospitalização e óbito não diferiu entre os grupos com e sem anemia (Hb ≤ 10g/dL) ou inflamação (PCR ≥ 0,5mg/dL). Houve um maior número de hospitalização entre os pacientes com hipoalbuminemia. A albumina não apresentou correlação com os níveis séricos de PCR. Observou-se um menor tempo livre de hospitalização entre os pacientes com hipoalbuminemia (p = 0,008), houve uma tendência de menor tempo livre de hospitalização entre os pacientes com PCR aumentado (p = 0,08), e a anemia não se relacionou com o tempo livre de hospitalização. Não houve diferença na sobrevida em relação à presença de anemia, inflamação e hipoalbuminemia. A análise de regressão de Cox apontou a hipoalbuminemia como fator independente relacionado à hospitalização, mesmo após ajustes para idade, presença de diabetes, PCR e hemoglobina. Conclusão: A hipoalbuminemia, e não anemia ou inflamação, mostrou-se um marcador independente de hospitalização em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise

Attenuation Of Hypertension, Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy, And Myocardial Fibrosis By Beta-adrenoceptor Blockers In Rats Under Long-term Blockade Of Nitric Oxide Synthesis.

The effects of propranolol and atenolol were investigated on arterial hypertension, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and ventricular ischaemic lesions induced by an 8-week treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg/rat per day) in Wistar rats. Propranolol and atenolol (30 mg/rat per day each) were given in the drinking water concomitantly to L-NAME. Treatment with L-NAME induced marked arterial hypertension and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, both of which were significantly reduced by propranolol and atenolol. A marked repairing fibrosis was also observed in L-NAME-treated rats and this was significantly attenuated in animals receiving the beta-blockers. In L-NAME group, 33% mortality was observed, whereas all the animals from the other groups survived. Our study demonstrates that propranolol and atenolol reduce arterial hypertension, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis induced by L-NAME, suggesting that beta-blockers are of beneficial value in treatment of vascular and cardiac alterations caused by chronic nitric oxide deficiency.39201-