THE SOCIAL SCIENCES OF RELIGION IN BRAZIL

This is a panorama of the successive meanings acquired by the Social Sciences of Religion during their recent institutionalization in Brazil. Seven "moments" are emphasized, each with their own respective density of thematic attention. The first of these moments comes from within religious institutions, a "religious sociology', that is gradually transformed and made autorxmous, becoming "Sodal Science of Religion". Afterwards, successive discoveries of popular religion were made, being a politically impre gnat ed religion in a politically unstable society such as Brazil, with a persistent religious sense of religion, and whose questions sprang from secularization and the advent of the New Religious Movements. Correlatively, what then called and still continue

Modernidade Urbana e Periferia Tradicional: catolicismos em Belo Horizonte

O exame comparativo dos resultados de uma pesquisa recentemente realizada em Belo Horizonte sobre Religião, Catolicismo e Comunicação parece-nos permitir reflexões sobre as diferenças, numa mesma cidade, entre a religião vivida em bairros centrais, marcados por uma experiência global de modernidade, e a religião vivida em alguns núcleos mais tradicionais da zona metropolitana. Embora confirmando expectativas genéricas sobre a evolução secularizante da experiência religiosa em função da modernidade, esses resultados chamam, no entanto, a atenção para matizes necessários e perspectivas eventualmente surpreendentes

RETROSPEKTIVNA STUDIJA PERZISTENTNOG MAKULARNOG EDEMA NAKON VITREORETINALNE KIRURGIJE

Objectives: Macular edema describes the slow and fluctuating accumulation of fluid in the central portion of the retina around the fovea. Intraocular surgery and other different eye conditions can trigger this process. Our study was aimed to determine the impact and persistence of macular edema after pars plana vitrectomy. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 91 eyes in 91 patients with past scheduled history of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and an age range of 31 to 85 (mean 68.5) years. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging was performed to evaluate macular thickness, including measurements of central subfield thickness (CST), cube volume (CV), cube average thickness (CAT) and manual measurement of macular foveal thickness (MFT). Results: There was significant difference of macular thickness in between preoperative OCT and postoperative OCT1 follow-ups in 40 included patients. Indeed, CST, CV, CAT and MFT were significantly decreased on postoperative OCT1 (P=0.004, P=0.016, P=0.026, P=0.047). Similarly, macular thickness was significantly decreased postoperatively (OCT1) in patients with existing macular edema prior to surgery (n=34), with OCT measurements (CST, CV, CAT and MFT) significantly decreased on OCT1 (P=0.002; P=0.007; P=0.008; P=0.026). Postoperative macular foveal thickness was significantly increased in between OCT1 and OCT2 (n=35) and in between OCT2 and OCT3 (n=15) follow-ups (P=0.015, P=0.013). Conclusion: The macular thickness of non-existing macular edema prior to surgery has not be significantly increased after (PPV). However, macular thickness of existing macular edema prior to surgery was significantly decreased after PPV. Finally, macular edema after vitreoretinal surgery is still present after the third optical coherence tomography follow-up (approximately 3 months postoperatively).Ciljevi: Makularni edem predstavlja sporo nastajuće i fluktuirajuće nakupljanje tekućine u centralnom dijelu mrežnice oko fovee. Intraokularna kirurgija i druge očne bolesti mogu pokrenuti ovaj proces. Naša studija je imala za cilj istražiti učestalost i klinički tijek makularnog edema uzrokovanog pars plana vitrekromijom Materijali i metode: Studija je provedena retrospektivno na 91 oku 91 pacijenta koji su bili podvrgnuti pars plana vitrektomiji (PPV). Uključeni bolesnici su bili u rasponu od 31 do 85 godina starosti (srednja vrijednost 68,5 godina). Optička koherentna tomografija spektralne domene (engl. Spectral Domain Oprical Coherence Tomography – SD-OCT) je bila snimana kako bi se procijenila debljina makule, uključujući mjere kao što su CST (engl. Central subfield thickness), CV (engl. Cube volume), CAT (engl. Cube avarage thisckess) te je bila manualno izmjerena debljina fovee (engl. Macular foveal thickness – MFT). Rezultati: U 40 praćenih bolesnika nađeno je značajno smanjenje debljine makule zabilježene prilikom preoperativnog OCTa i prvog postoperativnog OCTa. Naime, CST, CV, CAT i MFT su bili značajno smanjeni na prvom postoperativnom OCTu (P=0,004; P=0,016; P=0,026; P=0,047). Također, makularna debljina je bila značajno smanjena na prvom opostoperativnom OCTu u bolesnika s prisutnim predoperativnim makularnim edemom (n=34). Kod tih bolesnika CST, CV, CAT i MFT su bili značajno niži (P=0,002; P=0,007; P=0,008; P=0,026). Makularna fovealna debljina postoperativno je bila značajno veća između OCT1 i OCT2 (n=35) i između OCT2 i OCT3 (n=15) (P=0,015; P=0,013). Zaključak: Debljina makule nije bila značajno povećana nakon PPVa u odnosu na preoperativne vrijednosti. Također smo zabilježili da se makularni edem, koji je bio prisutan prije operacije, značajno smanjio nakon PPVa. Na koncu je zabilježeno da se postoperativni makularni edem zadržava i nakon treće postoperativne kontrole (aproksimativno 3 mjeseca nakon operacije)

PORTUGAL E BRASIL Influências e metamorfoses

"Portugal, razão e imaginário ... Influências e metamorfoses no Brasil" ... Hesitei em pretender dizer algo sobre um tema tão grave, que envolve duas realidades tão polivalentes e complexas

Durkheim e o Mito

Para Durkheim a relação entre mito e ciência não é simples. Nem constante. Ela vai se enriquecendo no decorrer do tempo, numa complexa trama analítica que põe em jogo as oposições, por um lado entre a radical função mitológica e o repertório concreto dos mitos, por outro lado o nível gnosiológico e aquele do “faz viver” social dos humanos, onde se pode constatar a permanência de certa dimensão mítica

L'Albufera de Valencia

L’Albufera de Valencia offre une possibilité d’application de la médiance selon A. Berque. La lagune a connu trois médiances successives. Aujourd’hui une nouvelle médiance semble se dessiner : celle du développement durable. à partir de l’analyse des types de relations entre différents groupes d’une même société à leur milieu, au travers des enjeux hydriques, l’article cherche à utiliser le changement environnemental comme marqueur de médiance.A lo largo de los últimos siglos, la Albufera de Valencia ha experimentado importantes cambios ambientales, ligados a las transformaciones de los sistemas de aprovechamiento del humedal. El artículo describe esta secuencia evolutiva a través del concepto de « médiance » definido por A. Berque y analiza las posiciones de distintos agentes en la Albufera actual, en cuya gestión entrechocan objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y la inercia de un modelo de crecimiento económico contrapuesto a dicho paradigma.The Albufera de Valencia (Spain) lagoon constitutes a good case study for the implementation of the concept of « médiance », as developed by the French geographer, Augustin Berque. The laguna has gone through three successive « médiances ». Nowadays, a new médiance seems to take place: it is associated to the idea of sustainable development. Based on the analysis of the relations to the place, as a milieu, of different groups within the same society, this paper seeks to show how the relation to the environment can be a good marker of the “médiance“

Low-threshold power and tunable integrated optical limiter based on an ultracompact VO2/Si waveguide

[EN] Optical limiters are nonlinear devices that encompass applications from device protection to activation functionalities in neural networks. In this work, we report an optical limiter on silicon photonics based on an ultracompact VO2/Si waveguide. Our 20-¿m-long experimental device features a thermal tunable threshold power of only ~3.5 mW while being spectrally broadband. Our work provides a new pathway to achieve integrated optical limiters for dense and low-power photonic integrated circuits.This study was supported by Grant Nos. PID2019- 111460GB-I00 and FPU17/04224 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and, by ESF Investing in your future; Grant funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónAgencia Estatal de Investigación/Ref.ICTS-2017-28-UPV-9; PROMETEO Program (Ref.2019/123)-Generalitat Valenciana; and Action co-financed by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) operational program for the Valencian Community 2014-2020. The authors also thank David Zurita for his help with the experimental setup and Pía Homm for the sample preparation.Parra Gómez, J.; Navarro-Arenas, J.; Menghini, M.; Recaman, M.; Pierre-Locquet, J.; Sanchis Kilders, P. (2021). Low-threshold power and tunable integrated optical limiter based on an ultracompact VO2/Si waveguide. APL Photonics. 6(12):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0071395S1661

All-Optical Hybrid VO2/Si Waveguide Absorption Switch at Telecommunication Wavelengths

[EN] Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is one of the most promising materials for developing hybrid photonic integrated circuits (PICs). At telecommunication wavelengths, VO2 exhibits a large change on the refractive index (¿n ~ 1 and ¿¿ ~ 2.5) between its insulating and metallic state. Such insulating-to-metal transition (IMT) can be triggered by light, which could enable all-optical hybridVO2-waveguide devices. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an all-optical absorption switch using a hybridVO2/Si waveguide fully compatible with the silicon photonics platform. All-optical characterization was carried out for TE polarization and at telecommunication wavelengths using an in-plane approach. The temporal dynamics were retrieved by means of pump-probe measurements. Our results show an extinction ratio of 0.7 dB/¿m with a maximum switchable length of 15 ¿m, a switching speed as low as 318 ns, and an energy per switch of 15.8 nJ. The inherit large optical bandwith of a non-resonant waveguide poses this device as a promising candidate for developing all-optical and broadband silicon PICs.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) under Grant TEC2016-76849; in part by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion underGrant PID2019-111460GB-I00 and Grant FPU17/04224; and in part by Generalitat Valenciana under Grant PROMETEO/2019/123.Parra Gómez, J.; Ivanova-Angelova, T.; Menghini, M.; Homm, P.; Locquet, J.; Sanchis Kilders, P. (2021). All-Optical Hybrid VO2/Si Waveguide Absorption Switch at Telecommunication Wavelengths. Journal of Lightwave Technology. 39(9):2888-2894. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2021.30549422888289439

Experimental demonstration of a tunable transverse electric pass polarizer based on hybrid VO2/silicon technology

[EN] A tunable transverse electric (TE) pass polarizer is demonstrated based on hybrid vanadium dioxide/silicon (VO2/Si) technology. The 20-mu m-long TE pass polarizer exploits the phase transition of the active VO2 material to control the rejection of the unwanted transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. The device features insertion losses below 1 dB at static conditions and insertion losses of 5.5 dB and an attenuation of TM polarization of 19 dB in the active state for a wavelength range between 1540 nm and 1570 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that tunable polarizers compatible with Si photonics are demonstrated. (C) 2018 Optical Society of AmericaMinisterio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) (TEC2016-76849); European Commission (EC) [PHRESCO (688579), SITOGA (619456)]; Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT).Sánchez Diana, LD.; Olivares-Sánchez-Mellado, I.; Parra Gómez, J.; Menghini, M.; Homm, P.; Locquet, J.; Sanchis Kilders, P. (2018). Experimental demonstration of a tunable transverse electric pass polarizer based on hybrid VO2/silicon technology. Optics Letters. 43(15):3650-3653. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.003650S365036534315Liu, L., Ding, Y., Yvind, K., & Hvam, J. M. (2011). Efficient and compact TE–TM polarization converter built on silicon-on-insulator platform with a simple fabrication process. Optics Letters, 36(7), 1059. doi:10.1364/ol.36.001059Alonso-Ramos, C., Halir, R., Ortega-Moñux, A., Cheben, P., Vivien, L., Molina-Fernández, Í., … Schmid, J. (2012). Highly tolerant tunable waveguide polarization rotator scheme. Optics Letters, 37(17), 3534. doi:10.1364/ol.37.003534Zhang, H., Das, S., Zhang, J., Huang, Y., Li, C., Chen, S., … Thong, J. T. L. (2012). Efficient and broadband polarization rotator using horizontal slot waveguide for silicon photonics. Applied Physics Letters, 101(2), 021105. doi:10.1063/1.4734640Azzam, S. I. H., Hameed, M. F. O., Areed, N. F. F., Abd-Elrazzak, M. M., El-Mikaty, H. A., & Obayya, S. S. A. (2014). Proposal of an Ultracompact CMOS-Compatible TE-/TM-Pass Polarizer Based on SoI Platform. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 26(16), 1633-1636. doi:10.1109/lpt.2014.2329416Dai, D., Wang, Z., Julian, N., & Bowers, J. E. (2010). Compact broadband polarizer based on shallowly-etched silicon-on-insulator ridge optical waveguides. Optics Express, 18(26), 27404. doi:10.1364/oe.18.027404Aamer, M., Gutierrez, A. M., Brimont, A., Vermeulen, D., Roelkens, G., Fedeli, J.-M., … Sanchis, P. (2012). CMOS Compatible Silicon-on-Insulator Polarization Rotator Based on Symmetry Breaking of the Waveguide Cross Section. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 24(22), 2031-2034. doi:10.1109/lpt.2012.2218593Xiong, Y., Xu, D.-X., Schmid, J. H., Cheben, P., & Ye, W. N. (2015). High Extinction Ratio and Broadband Silicon TE-Pass Polarizer Using Subwavelength Grating Index Engineering. IEEE Photonics Journal, 7(5), 1-7. doi:10.1109/jphot.2015.2483204Sánchez, L., & Sanchis, P. (2013). Broadband 8 μm long hybrid silicon-plasmonic transverse magnetic–transverse electric converter with losses below 2 dB. Optics Letters, 38(15), 2842. doi:10.1364/ol.38.002842Komatsu, M., Saitoh, K., & Koshiba, M. (2012). Compact Polarization Rotator Based on Surface Plasmon Polariton With Low Insertion Loss. IEEE Photonics Journal, 4(3), 707-714. doi:10.1109/jphot.2012.2195650Caspers, J. N., Alam, M. Z., & Mojahedi, M. (2012). Compact hybrid plasmonic polarization rotator. Optics Letters, 37(22), 4615. doi:10.1364/ol.37.004615Sun, X., Alam, M. Z., Wagner, S. J., Aitchison, J. S., & Mojahedi, M. (2012). Experimental demonstration of a hybrid plasmonic transverse electric pass polarizer for a silicon-on-insulator platform. Optics Letters, 37(23), 4814. doi:10.1364/ol.37.004814Alam, M. Z., Aitchison, J. S., & Mojahedi, M. (2011). Compact and silicon-on-insulator-compatible hybrid plasmonic TE-pass polarizer. Optics Letters, 37(1), 55. doi:10.1364/ol.37.000055Jin, L., Chen, Q., & Wen, L. (2014). Mode-coupling polarization rotator based on plasmonic waveguide. Optics Letters, 39(9), 2798. doi:10.1364/ol.39.002798Caspers, J. N., Aitchison, J. S., & Mojahedi, M. (2013). Experimental demonstration of an integrated hybrid plasmonic polarization rotator. Optics Letters, 38(20), 4054. doi:10.1364/ol.38.004054Briggs, R. M., Pryce, I. M., & Atwater, H. A. (2010). Compact silicon photonic waveguide modulator based on the vanadium dioxide metal-insulator phase transition. Optics Express, 18(11), 11192. doi:10.1364/oe.18.011192Ryckman, J. D., Hallman, K. A., Marvel, R. E., Haglund, R. F., & Weiss, S. M. (2013). Ultra-compact silicon photonic devices reconfigured by an optically induced semiconductor-to-metal transition. Optics Express, 21(9), 10753. doi:10.1364/oe.21.010753Markov, P., Marvel, R. E., Conley, H. J., Miller, K. J., Haglund, R. F., & Weiss, S. M. (2015). Optically Monitored Electrical Switching in VO2. ACS Photonics, 2(8), 1175-1182. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00244Joushaghani, A., Jeong, J., Paradis, S., Alain, D., Stewart Aitchison, J., & Poon, J. K. S. (2015). Wavelength-size hybrid Si-VO_2 waveguide electroabsorption optical switches and photodetectors. Optics Express, 23(3), 3657. doi:10.1364/oe.23.003657Sánchez, L., Lechago, S., & Sanchis, P. (2015). Ultra-compact TE and TM pass polarizers based on vanadium dioxide on silicon. Optics Letters, 40(7), 1452. doi:10.1364/ol.40.001452Sanchez, L., Lechago, S., Gutierrez, A., & Sanchis, P. (2016). Analysis and Design Optimization of a Hybrid VO2/Silicon2 $\times$ 2 Microring Switch. IEEE Photonics Journal, 8(2), 1-9. doi:10.1109/jphot.2016.2551463Miller, K. J., Hallman, K. A., Haglund, R. F., & Weiss, S. M. (2017). Silicon waveguide optical switch with embedded phase change material. Optics Express, 25(22), 26527. doi:10.1364/oe.25.026527Clark, J. K., Ho, Y.-L., Matsui, H., & Delaunay, J.-J. (2018). Optically Pumped Hybrid Plasmonic-Photonic Waveguide Modulator Using the VO2 Metal-Insulator Phase Transition. IEEE Photonics Journal, 10(1), 1-9. doi:10.1109/jphot.2017.2784429Ko, C., & Ramanathan, S. (2008). Observation of electric field-assisted phase transition in thin film vanadium oxide in a metal-oxide-semiconductor device geometry. Applied Physics Letters, 93(25), 252101. doi:10.1063/1.3050464Zimmers, A., Aigouy, L., Mortier, M., Sharoni, A., Wang, S., West, K. G., … Schuller, I. K. (2013). Role of Thermal Heating on the Voltage Induced Insulator-Metal Transition inVO2. Physical Review Letters, 110(5). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.056601Kats, M. A., Blanchard, R., Genevet, P., Yang, Z., Qazilbash, M. M., Basov, D. N., … Capasso, F. (2013). Thermal tuning of mid-infrared plasmonic antenna arrays using a phase change material. Optics Letters, 38(3), 368. doi:10.1364/ol.38.000368Chae, B.-G., Kim, H.-T., Youn, D.-H., & Kang, K.-Y. (2005). Abrupt metal–insulator transition observed in VO2 thin films induced by a switching voltage pulse. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 369(1-4), 76-80. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2005.07.032Ruzmetov, D., Gopalakrishnan, G., Deng, J., Narayanamurti, V., & Ramanathan, S. (2009). Electrical triggering of metal-insulator transition in nanoscale vanadium oxide junctions. Journal of Applied Physics, 106(8), 083702. doi:10.1063/1.3245338Lee, S. B., Kim, K., Oh, J. S., Kahng, B., & Lee, J. S. (2013). Origin of variation in switching voltages in threshold-switching phenomena of VO2 thin films. Applied Physics Letters, 102(6), 063501. doi:10.1063/1.4790842Joushaghani, A., Jeong, J., Paradis, S., Alain, D., Stewart Aitchison, J., & Poon, J. K. S. (2014). Voltage-controlled switching and thermal effects in VO2 nano-gap junctions. Applied Physics Letters, 104(22), 221904. doi:10.1063/1.4881155Yang, Z., Hart, S., Ko, C., Yacoby, A., & Ramanathan, S. (2011). Studies on electric triggering of the metal-insulator transition in VO2thin films between 77 K and 300 K. Journal of Applied Physics, 110(3), 033725. doi:10.1063/1.3619806Yoon, J., Lee, G., Park, C., Mun, B. S., & Ju, H. (2014). Investigation of length-dependent characteristics of the voltage-induced metal insulator transition in VO2 film devices. Applied Physics Letters, 105(8), 083503. doi:10.1063/1.4893783Sánchez, L., Rosa, A., Griol, A., Gutierrez, A., Homm, P., Van Bilzen, B., … Sanchis, P. (2017). Impact of the external resistance on the switching power consumption in VO2 nano gap junctions. Applied Physics Letters, 111(3), 031904. doi:10.1063/1.4994326Ryckman, J. D., Diez-Blanco, V., Nag, J., Marvel, R. E., Choi, B. K., Haglund, R. F., & Weiss, S. M. (2012). Photothermal optical modulation of ultra-compact hybrid Si-VO_2 ring resonators. Optics Express, 20(12), 13215. doi:10.1364/oe.20.013215Abreu, E., Gilbert Corder, S. N., Yun, S. J., Wang, S., Ramírez, J. G., West, K., … Averitt, R. D. (2017). Ultrafast electron-lattice coupling dynamics in VO2 and V2O3 thin films. Physical Review B, 96(9). doi:10.1103/physrevb.96.094309Van Bilzen, B., Homm, P., Dillemans, L., Su, C.-Y., Menghini, M., Sousa, M., … Locquet, J.-P. (2015). Production of VO2 thin films through post-deposition annealing of V2O3 and VOx films. Thin Solid Films, 591, 143-148. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2015.08.036Olivares, I., Sánchez, L., Parra, J., Larrea, R., Griol, A., Menghini, M., … Sanchis, P. (2018). Optical switching in hybrid VO2/Si waveguides thermally triggered by lateral microheaters. Optics Express, 26(10), 12387. doi:10.1364/oe.26.012387Rosa, Á., Gutiérrez, A., Brimont, A., Griol, A., & Sanchis, P. (2016). High performace silicon 2x2 optical switch based on a thermo-optically tunable multimode interference coupler and efficient electrodes. Optics Express, 24(1), 191. doi:10.1364/oe.24.000191Shibuya, K., Kawasaki, M., & Tokura, Y. (2010). Metal-insulator transition in epitaxial V1−xWxO2(0≤x≤0.33) thin films. Applied Physics Letters, 96(2), 022102. doi:10.1063/1.3291053Ahuja, R., Granqvist, C. G., Hermansson, K., Niklasson, G. A., & Scheicher, R. H. (2012). Optical properties of Mg-doped VO2: Absorption measurements and hybrid functional calculations. Applied Physics Letters, 101(20), 201902. doi:10.1063/1.4766167Miyazaki, K., Shibuya, K., Suzuki, M., Wado, H., & Sawa, A. (2014). Correlation between thermal hysteresis width and broadening of metal–insulator transition in Cr- and Nb-doped VO2films. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 53(7), 071102. doi:10.7567/jjap.53.071102Niklasson, G. A., Granqvist, C. G., & Hunderi, O. (1981). Effective medium models for the optical properties of inhomogeneous materials. Applied Optics, 20(1), 26. doi:10.1364/ao.20.000026Jepsen, P. U., Fischer, B. M., Thoman, A., Helm, H., Suh, J. Y., Lopez, R., & Haglund, R. F. (2006). Metal-insulator phase transition in aVO2thin film observed with terahertz spectroscopy. Physical Review B, 74(20). doi:10.1103/physrevb.74.205103Fang, X., & Yang, L. (2017). Thermal effect analysis of silicon microring optical switch for on-chip interconnect. Journal of Semiconductors, 38(10), 104004. doi:10.1088/1674-4926/38/10/10400