Efecto del fósforo y potasio en la producción de ácido cítrico utilizando una cepa de aspergillus niger

En la investigación se evaluaron el rendimiento (%) y productividad (g/L por hora) de la fermentación sumergida de ácido cítrico con el uso de una cepa de Aspergillus niger mejorada por exposición a luz UV, cuando se incrementa el nivel de potasio (K) y reduce el nivel de fósforo (P) en una formulación de base que contiene sacarosa, micro- y macronutrientes. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones en una estructura multifactorial completo aumentado 22 + punto central. Los mejores resultados de rendimiento y productividad se obtuvieron con 329 mg/lt de P y 271 mg/L de K (tratamiento 2), equivalentes a 63.2% de rendimiento y 1.20 g/L por hora de productividad. Se encontró que sólo el potasio es altamente significativo y que no existe interacción significativa entre K y P, adicionalmente los resultados obtenidos podrían generar una reducción en los costos de producción de ácido cítrico. A partir del análisis de regresión de superficie de respuesta se obtuvieron modelos útiles para predecir los resultados de productividad y rendimiento de la fermentación de ácido cítrico dentro del rango de evaluación. Igualmente se encontró que el 8.01% de la variación total para la productividad y el 48.94% de la variación total para el rendimiento no se explican con el modelo. Los resultados obtenidos son diferentes a los reportados por otros autores debido a que estos han utilizado condiciones sub-óptimas para asegurar la máxima acumulación de ácido cítrico y/o cepas de colección las cuales se caracterizan por una menor productividad en ácido cítrico en comparación con las cepas industriales (Papa-gianni, 2007)

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Aislamiento e identificación de bacterias solubilizadoras de fosfatos, habitantes de la rizósfera de chontaduro (b. gassipaes kunth)

El chontaduro o pejiyabe (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) esuna especie nativa de lasselvas húmedas del pacífico colombiano, adaptada a condiciones de alta acidez ydeficiencia de nutrientes, especialmente fósforo (P), características dominantes enlos suelos de esta zona tropical. Los microorganismos rizosféricos solubilizadoresde P, entre ellos las bacterias (BSP), contribuyen a mejorar la disponibilidad deeste nutriente, por ello, la necesidad de aislarlos, reconocerlos e identificarlos enla rizosfera, como uno de los mecanismos de adaptación de esta especie. Una vezaisladas y purificadas en medio libre de fuentes de fósforo orgánico e inorgánicosolubles, las poblaciones bacterianas se identificaron mediante la utilizacióndelanálisis de las secuencias DNAr 16S y la técnica BOX-PCR, estableciendo que en el sitio de estudio, las poblaciones dominantes fueron Burkholderiaambifaria y Burkholderia sp. 383, seguidas por Pseudomonas putida,especies reconocidas globalmente por su actividad solubilizadora, y comorizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR)

Actividad biológica de hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular en un suelo humic dystrudepts cultivado con maíz y diferentes fuentes de fertilización

Los abonos verdes (AV) son una práctica fundamental para el manejo y conservación de los suelos. Los resultados de las investigaciones enfocadas en los cambios inducidos en las propiedades químicas físicas y biológicas del suelo, principalmente en la disponibilidad de nutrientes, muestran que el uso de AV favorece la conservación de la materia orgánica, el flujo y almacenamiento de agua en el suelo, el control de arvenses e inciden en los ciclos biológicos de insectos y microorganismos que afectan la sanidad de los agroecosistemas. El uso de gramíneas y leguminosas como AV es una práctica común, muchas de estas plantas presentan la simbiosis llamada micorriza-arbuscular (MA). La MA juega papel importante en la absorción de agua y nutrientes en general y en el mejoramiento de la estructura del suelo, mediante el micelio externo (ME) de los hongos que forman micorriza arbuscular HMA el cual, al extenderse en el suelo, incrementa la superficie y volumen de contacto radical, lo que forma redes miceliales que construyen puentes hacia lugares con disponibilidad del elemento, cualidad que convierte al ME en un conector suelo-raíz-suelo. Este sistema de interconexión es importante para el mantenimiento de la estructura del suelo, propicia y mantiene la unión de agregados y favorece su conservación

Poblaciones de mesofauna en un inceptisol sembrado con maíz y diferentes sistemas de manejo

El uso de abonos verdes (AV) es una práctica viable para conservar y mejorar la fertilidad de los suelos (Viteri et al., 2008). Varios estudios han mostrado que la incorporación de AV, práctica común en la agricultura orgánica, incrementa la mesofauna del suelo y favorece su conservación y diversidad (Kautz et al., 2006; Wang et al,. 2011). A la vez, se ha demostrado que el estudio de estas poblaciones permite relacionar su composición con características fisicoquímicas del suelo y con el tipo de vegetación que sustentan (Barrios, 2007). Con base en este planteamiento el objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar los cambios en poblaciones de ácaros y colémbolos en un suelo con y sin aplicación de abono verde y sembrado con maíz Zea mays L., relacionando su presencia con algunas propiedades físicas del suelo como: densidad aparente, estabilidad de agregados, porosidad y retención de humedad del suelo

Arylsulphatase in the rhizosphere of plantain Musa AAB and its relation with growth, development and pr Arilsulfatasa en la rizosfera de plátano, Musa AAB y relación con crecimiento, desarrollo y produccion

&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Arylsulphatase in the rhizosphere of plantain &lt;em&gt;Musa&lt;/em&gt; AAB and its relation with growth, development and production. In a plantain crop (&lt;em&gt;Musa&lt;/em&gt; AAB) of the Central coffee growing zone of Colombia, arylsulphatase activity in a &lt;em&gt;Pachic Melanudand Medial Isotermic&lt;/em&gt; soil under three agronomic management systems during 18 months was measured. Measurements were done at 6, 12 and 18 months in four depths, 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm. The highest arylsulphatase activity (60%) was found in the ï¬rst 10 cm, with a decreasing in depth. Statical analysis did not show signiï¬cant differences among the three plant ages. Arylsulphatase activity was found between 164 &lt;em&gt;&amp;micro;&lt;/em&gt;mol g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 319 &lt;em&gt;&amp;micro;&lt;/em&gt;mol g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The lowest activity was found in the rhizosphere of plants with 12 months of age (flowering) under chemical management. Arylsulphatase activity showed very signiï¬cant correlation with Biomass-C and with Mg in soil, number of leaf and the plantain bunch weight.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key words:&lt;/strong&gt; Enzymic activity-arylsulphatase, andisol, &lt;em&gt;Musa&lt;/em&gt; ABB&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;En la zona central cafetera de Colombia, en un suelo &lt;em&gt;Pachic Melanudands medial isot&amp;eacute;rmico&lt;/em&gt;, se midi&amp;oacute; la actividad de arilsulfatasa en rizosfera de pl&amp;aacute;tano &lt;em&gt;Musa&lt;/em&gt; AAB, en tres sistemas de manejo agron&amp;oacute;mico (qu&amp;iacute;mico o convencional, tradicional y ecol&amp;oacute;gico), cuatro profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 y 20-30 cm) y tres edades de cultivo (6 meses &amp;ndash; diferenciaci&amp;oacute;n floral, 12 meses &amp;ndash; floraci&amp;oacute;n, 18 meses - cosecha). La mayor actividad (60%) se encontr&amp;oacute; en los primeros 10 cm., y disminuy&amp;oacute; a medida que se profundiz&amp;oacute; en el perï¬l del suelo. El an&amp;aacute;lisis estad&amp;iacute;stico no mostr&amp;oacute; diferencias signiï¬cativas entre los tres manejos o entre edades de planta. La actividad de arilsulfatasa se encontr&amp;oacute; entre 164 &amp;micro; mol g-1 min-1 y 319 &amp;micro; mol g-1 min-1. La m&amp;aacute;s baja actividad se observ&amp;oacute; en la rizosfera de plantas de 12 meses (floraci&amp;oacute;n) y con manejo qu&amp;iacute;mico. La actividad de este enzima correlacion&amp;oacute; muy signiï¬cativamente con biomasa microbiana carbono (BMC) y muy signiï¬cativamente con el contenido de Mg, n&amp;uacute;mero de hojas emitidas y peso del racimo de pl&amp;aacute;tano.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Palabras clave:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Musa&lt;/em&gt; ABB. Actividad enzim&amp;aacute;tica - arilsulfatasa, andisol, &lt;/p&gt

Arilsulfatasa en la rizosfera de plátano, musa aab y relación con crecimiento, desarrollo y produccion

En la zona central cafetera de Colombia, en un suelo Pachic Melanudands medial isotérmico, se midió la actividad de arilsulfatasa en rizosfera de plátano Musa AAB, en tres sistemas de manejo agronómico (químico o convencional, tradicional y ecológico), cuatro profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 y 20-30 cm) y tres edades de cultivo (6 meses – diferenciación floral, 12 meses – floración, 18 meses - cosecha). La mayor actividad (60%) se encontró en los primeros 10 cm., y disminuyó a medida que se profundizó en el perï¬�l del suelo. El análisis estadístico no mostró diferencias signiï¬�cativas entre los tres manejos o entre edades de planta. La actividad de arilsulfatasa se encontró entre 164 µ mol g-1 min-1 y 319 µ mol g-1 min-1. La más baja actividad se observó en la rizosfera de plantas de 12 meses (floración) y con manejo químico. La actividad de este enzima correlacionó muy signiï¬�cativamente con biomasa microbiana carbono (BMC) y muy signiï¬�cativamente con el contenido de Mg, número de hojas emitidas y peso del racimo de plátano.Palabras clave: Musa ABB. Actividad enzimática - arilsulfatasa, andisol,Arylsulphatase in the rhizosphere of plantain Musa AAB and its relation with growth, development and production. In a plantain crop (Musa AAB) of the Central coffee growing zone of Colombia, arylsulphatase activity in a Pachic Melanudand Medial Isotermic soil under three agronomic management systems during 18 months was measured. Measurements were done at 6, 12 and 18 months in four depths, 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm. The highest arylsulphatase activity (60%) was found in the ï¬�rst 10 cm, with a decreasing in depth. Statical analysis did not show signiï¬�cant differences among the three plant ages. Arylsulphatase activity was found between 164 µmol g-1 min-1 and 319 µmol g-1 min-1. The lowest activity was found in the rhizosphere of plants with 12 months of age (flowering) under chemical management. Arylsulphatase activity showed very signiï¬�cant correlation with Biomass-C and with Mg in soil, number of leaf and the plantain bunch weight.Key words: Enzymic activity-arylsulphatase, andisol, Musa AB

EAES rapid guideline: systematic review, network meta-analysis, CINeMA and GRADE assessment, and European consensus on bariatric surgery-extension 2022

Background: The European Association for Endoscopic Surgery Bariatric Guidelines Group identified a gap in bariatric surgery recommendations with a structured, contextualized consideration of multiple bariatric interventions. Objective: To provide evidence-informed, transparent and trustworthy recommendations on the use of sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, adjustable gastric banding, gastric plication, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, one anastomosis gastric bypass, and single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy in patients with severe obesity and metabolic diseases. Only laparoscopic procedures in adults were considered. Methods: A European interdisciplinary panel including general surgeons, obesity physicians, anesthetists, a psychologist and a patient representative informed outcome importance and minimal important differences. We conducted a systematic review and frequentist fixed and random-effects network meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) using the graph theory approach for each outcome. We calculated the odds ratio or the (standardized) mean differences with 95% confidence intervals for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. We assessed the certainty of evidence using the CINeMA and GRADE methodologies. We considered the risk/benefit outcomes within a GRADE evidence to decision framework to arrive at recommendations, which were validated through an anonymous Delphi process of the panel. Results: We identified 43 records reporting on 24 RCTs. Most network information surrounded sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Under consideration of the certainty of the evidence and evidence to decision parameters, we suggest sleeve gastrectomy or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass over adjustable gastric banding, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch and gastric plication for the management of severe obesity and associated metabolic diseases. One anastomosis gastric bypass and single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy are suggested as alternatives, although evidence on benefits and harms, and specific selection criteria is limited compared to sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The guideline, with recommendations, evidence summaries and decision aids in user friendly formats can also be accessed in MAGICapp: https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/Lpv2kE Conclusions: This rapid guideline provides evidence-informed, pertinent recommendations on the use of bariatric and metabolic surgery for the management of severe obesity and metabolic diseases. The guideline replaces relevant recommendations published in the EAES Bariatric Guidelines 2020

Clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) on bariatric surgery : update 2020 endorsed by IFSO-EC, EASO and ESPCOP

Altres ajuts: This work was funded by the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES).Surgery for obesity and metabolic diseases has been evolved in the light of new scientific evidence, long-term outcomes and accumulated experience. EAES has sponsored an update of previous guidelines on bariatric surgery. A multidisciplinary group of bariatric surgeons, obesity physicians, nutritional experts, psychologists, anesthetists and a patient representative comprised the guideline development panel. Development and reporting conformed to GRADE guidelines and AGREE II standards. Systematic review of databases, record selection, data extraction and synthesis, evidence appraisal and evidence-to-decision frameworks were developed for 42 key questions in the domains Indication; Preoperative work-up; Perioperative management; Non-bypass, bypass and one-anastomosis procedures; Revisional surgery; Postoperative care; and Investigational procedures. A total of 36 recommendations and position statements were formed through a modified Delphi procedure. This document summarizes the latest evidence on bariatric surgery through state-of-the art guideline development, aiming to facilitate evidence-based clinical decisions. The online version of this article (10.1007/s00464-020-07555-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Ticagrelor in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease with a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention (THEMIS-PCI) : a phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomised trial

Background: Patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly those with previous stenting, are at high risk of ischaemic events. These patients are generally treated with aspirin. In this trial, we aimed to investigate if these patients would benefit from treatment with aspirin plus ticagrelor. Methods: The Effect of Ticagrelor on Health Outcomes in diabEtes Mellitus patients Intervention Study (THEMIS) was a phase 3 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, done in 1315 sites in 42 countries. Patients were eligible if 50 years or older, with type 2 diabetes, receiving anti-hyperglycaemic drugs for at least 6 months, with stable coronary artery disease, and one of three other mutually non-exclusive criteria: a history of previous PCI or of coronary artery bypass grafting, or documentation of angiographic stenosis of 50% or more in at least one coronary artery. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either ticagrelor or placebo, by use of an interactive voice-response or web-response system. The THEMIS-PCI trial comprised a prespecified subgroup of patients with previous PCI. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (measured in the intention-to-treat population). Findings: Between Feb 17, 2014, and May 24, 2016, 11 154 patients (58% of the overall THEMIS trial) with a history of previous PCI were enrolled in the THEMIS-PCI trial. Median follow-up was 3·3 years (IQR 2·8–3·8). In the previous PCI group, fewer patients receiving ticagrelor had a primary efficacy outcome event than in the placebo group (404 [7·3%] of 5558 vs 480 [8·6%] of 5596; HR 0·85 [95% CI 0·74–0·97], p=0·013). The same effect was not observed in patients without PCI (p=0·76, p interaction=0·16). The proportion of patients with cardiovascular death was similar in both treatment groups (174 [3·1%] with ticagrelor vs 183 (3·3%) with placebo; HR 0·96 [95% CI 0·78–1·18], p=0·68), as well as all-cause death (282 [5·1%] vs 323 [5·8%]; 0·88 [0·75–1·03], p=0·11). TIMI major bleeding occurred in 111 (2·0%) of 5536 patients receiving ticagrelor and 62 (1·1%) of 5564 patients receiving placebo (HR 2·03 [95% CI 1·48–2·76], p<0·0001), and fatal bleeding in 6 (0·1%) of 5536 patients with ticagrelor and 6 (0·1%) of 5564 with placebo (1·13 [0·36–3·50], p=0·83). Intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 33 (0·6%) and 31 (0·6%) patients (1·21 [0·74–1·97], p=0·45). Ticagrelor improved net clinical benefit: 519/5558 (9·3%) versus 617/5596 (11·0%), HR=0·85, 95% CI 0·75–0·95, p=0·005, in contrast to patients without PCI where it did not, p interaction=0·012. Benefit was present irrespective of time from most recent PCI. Interpretation: In patients with diabetes, stable coronary artery disease, and previous PCI, ticagrelor added to aspirin reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, although with increased major bleeding. In that large, easily identified population, ticagrelor provided a favourable net clinical benefit (more than in patients without history of PCI). This effect shows that long-term therapy with ticagrelor in addition to aspirin should be considered in patients with diabetes and a history of PCI who have tolerated antiplatelet therapy, have high ischaemic risk, and low bleeding risk