Enjoy the Silence: An Experiment on Truth-Telling

We analyze experimentally two sender-receiver games with conflictive preferences. In the first game, the sender can choose to tell the truth, to lie, or to remain silent. The latter strategy is costly and similar to an outside option. If sent, the receiver can either trust or distrust the sender’s message. In the second game, the receiver must decide additionally whether or not to costly punish the sender after having observed the history of the game. We investigate the existence of two kinds of social preferences: Lie-aversion and preference for truth-telling. In the first game, senders tell the truth more often than predicted by the sequential equilibrium concept, they remain silent frequently, and there exists a positive correlation between the probability of being truthful and the probability of remaining silent. Our main experimental result for the extended game shows that those subjects who punish the sender with a high probability after being deceived are precisely those who send fewer but more truthful messages. We then explore two formal models of the baseline game that can account for our experimental results. First, we fit the data to the logit agent quantal response equilibrium; secondly, we solve for the Perfect Bayesian Nash equilibria of a stylized version of the baseline game with two types of senders. The equilibrium predictions obtained in both cases are consistent with both preferences for truth-telling and lie-aversion although the latter seems to be more pronounced.Experiment, Lie-Aversion, Social Preferences, Strategic Information Transmission, Truth-Telling.

An Experimental Study of Truth-Telling in a Sender-Receiver Game

A recent experimental study of Cai and Wang (2003) on strategic information transmission games reveals that subjects tend to transmit more information than predicted by the standard equilibrium analysis. To evidence that this overcommunication phenomenon can be explained in some situations in terms of a tension between normative social behavior and incentives for lying, we show that in a simple sender-receiver game subjects incurring in costs to punish liars tell the truth more often than predicted by the equilibrium analysis whereas subjects that do not punish liars after receiving a deceptive message play equilibrium strategies. Thus, we can partition the subject pool into two groups, one group of subjects with preferences for truth-telling and another group taking into account only economic incentives.Experiment, Sender-Receiver Game, Strategic Informa- tion Transmission, Truth-Telling.

INTERVENTIONS TO SUPPORT YOUNG CYBERBULLYING VICTIMS: A SCOPING REVIEW

Cyber bullying is an electronic form of bullying and an emerging threat to the well-being of the young. It has adverse impacts on children and the paediatric population. The healthcare professionals or HCP and their involvement in the prevention and support of young victims are crucial. Little information is available for HCPs supporting cyber bullied children and adolescents. There is a need for more recent evidence in this area of research, mapping out the concepts and any gaps in knowledge. The current scoping review presents the literature about interventions that support young cyber bullying victims. This review utilized the five-step framework by Arksey et al. with recent advancements. Based on PRISMA-ScR guidelines for reviews, there were 24 articles and publications that were included in the review. The results reflect an overrepresentation of studies in Western Countries. Two studies conducted interventions, and specific screening tools are in six studies, including being recommended as clinical guidelines. The LET’S CONNECT community mentorship program, and the Bullying awareness group intervention showed promising findings and significant results for victims of cyber bullying. The commonly reported component was the screening of the victims. Supporting measures were also mentioned, such as assessment, prevention, appropriate management, early detection, and stabilization. The results also highlighted the roles of HCPs and clinical guidelines recommended in healthcare settings. This scoping review presented the current evidence available for youth cyber bullying victims. Although there is heterogeneity in studies, findings showed an excellent orientation on some interventions and components of studies to develop future research. The roles of healthcare professionals compiled by the researcher could serve as a baseline for further studies. Cross-cultural research could be explored in the future for comparative information. The lack of sample diversity, little comparison with interventions, and the heterogeneity of studies indicate a research gap in this area

On the Relationship between Market Power and Bank Risk Taking

We analyse risk-taking behaviour of banks in the context of spatial competition. Banks mobilise unsecured deposits by offering deposit rates, which they invest either in a prudent or a gambling asset. Limited liability along with high return of a successful gamble induce moral hazard at the bank level. We show that when the market power is low, banks invest in the gambling asset. On the other hand, for sufficiently high levels of market power, all banks choose the prudent asset to invest in. We further show that a merger of two neighboring banks increases the likelihood of prudent behaviour. Finally, introduction of a deposit insurance scheme exacerbates banks’ moral hazard problem.

THE IMPACT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODOLOGIES IN THE COLLEGE OF NURSING GRADUATES’ COMPETENCY: A TRACER STUDY FOR THE S.Y. 2019-2022

Nursing graduate competency is the ability to complete a task efficiently or successfully. However, it is a brief one that does not fully accommodate definitions. The vast majority would likely concur that competency is a positive trait to something an individual needs a more significant amount. In any case, an individual cannot make somebody more able just by giving them something like information. There is no supernatural competency pill. The term competency should be used and applied to the work setting in a broad scope of relevant circumstances and correct teaching and learning methodologies in any higher educational institution (Dede, 2010). With these concerns, it should be inculcated in most nursing graduates' capacity to apply competently the information, skills, and values that match the needs of their profession, satisfy the demands of the employer, and contribute to the overall attainment of institutional goals in their field of endeavor (Abas & Imam, 2016). Additionally, varied teaching and learning methodologies in the school play an important role in establishing these competencies that were not clearly emphasized and with no alignment as to the most suitable teaching and learning methodologies to enforce competent graduates. Thus, the present study tried to address this research gap to add more to a body of knowledge on employability, skills, and the graduates' contextual performance

Stability calculations for the ytterbium-doped fiber laser passively mode-locked through nonlinear polarization rotation

We investigate theoretically a fiber laser passively mode-locked with nonlinear polarization rotation. A unidirectional ring cavity is considered with a polarizer placed between two sets of a halfwave plate and a quarterwave plate. A master equation is derived and the stability of the continuous and mode-locked solutions is studied. In particular, the effect of the orientation of the four phase plates and of the polarizer on the mode-locking regime is investigated

NGC1277: a massive compact relic galaxy in the nearby Universe

As early as 10 Gyr ago, galaxies with more than 10^11 Msun in stars already existed. While most of these massive galaxies must have subsequently transformed through on-going star formation and mergers with other galaxies, a small fraction (<0.1%) may have survived untouched till today. Searches for such relic galaxies, useful windows to explore the early Universe, have been inconclusive to date: galaxies with masses and sizes like those observed at high redshift (M*>10^11 Msun; Re<1.5 kpc) have been found in the local Universe, but their stars are far too young for the galaxy to be a relic galaxy. This paper explores the first case of a nearby galaxy, NGC1277 (in the Perseus cluster at a distance of 73 Mpc), which fulfills all the criteria to be considered a relic galaxy. Using deep optical spectroscopy, we derive the star formation history along the structure of the galaxy: the stellar populations are uniformly old (>10 Gyr) with no evidence for more recent star formation episodes. The metallicity of their stars is super-solar ([Fe/H]=0.20+-0.04) and alpha enriched ([alpha/Fe]=0.4+-0.1). This suggests a very short formation time scale for the bulk of stars of this galaxy. This object also rotates very fast (Vrot~300 km/s) and has a large velocity dispersion (sigma>300 km/s). NGC1277 will allow future explorations in full detail of properties such as the structure, internal dynamics, metallicity, dust content and initial mass function at around 10-12 Gyr back in time when the first massive galaxies were built.Comment: 4 figures; Accepted for publication at ApJ Letter

THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF NURSING STUDENTS TO THE RETENTION and ELIMINATION POLICY: A BASIS FOR AN ORIENTATION PROGRAM

As defined in various articles, student retention is the extent to which the learners stay in a Higher Education Institution and complete a program or course of study within a specified time. Retention at university matters. It matters morally, as we know the life chances of people who complete a degree are dramatically improved. It matters financially, as students who leave a university before graduation take their fees with them. And it matters nationally, as the higher the education level of the population, the greater the nation’s level of productivity and innovation. Despite all the information contained in the student's manual, it is unclear whether students are aware of these policies necessary for the journey in the University. No such study existed at the moment of this writing. It should be noted that students must be aware of this information, so they are guided on the rules and regulations of a University. This brings us to the research questions on what is the level of awareness of UCLM nursing students of the University’s Retention and Elimination Policy. This is very important so that decisions can be made to further initiate more campaigns regarding the policy. a report emphasized the practices that improve student retention which include (A) addressing widening participation, and those focusing on the development of learning and teaching; (B) a focus on the context of institutional practice (Action on Access, 2003). In conclusion, initiatives and programs in organizations or institutions focusing on retention and elimination policies for the development of the student and the institution seem to be very crucial. The mean scores yielded 2.324 and 2.6 which is interpreted as a low level of awareness as stated in the descriptive interpretation. Students have poor knowledge of these policies which could be crucial for them moving forward. Therefore, the measurement findings of this study highlight how the application of an orientation program and how affects their level of awareness of policies in general. Programs in orientation programs and distribution of student manuals for information dissemination as mentioned earlier in the paragraph should be increased. Promoting these activities should increase the level of understanding of the students. The consequences will lead to a lowering of student engagement and most likely lead to attrition