Detection of Anaplasma sp. phylogenetically related to A. phagocytophilum in a free-living bird in Brazil

Abstract Wild animals play an important role in carrying vectors that may potentially transmit pathogens. Several reports highlighted the participation of wild animals on the Anaplasma phagocytophilum cycle, including as hosts of the agent. The aim of this study was to report the molecular detection of an agent phylogenetically related to A. phagocytophilum isolated from a wild bird in the Midwest of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Fifteen blood samples were collected from eleven different bird species in the Guarapuava region. One sample collected from a Penelope obscura bird was positive in nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma spp. The phylogenetic tree based on the Maximum Likelihood analysis showed that the sequence obtained was placed in the same clade with A. phagocytophilum isolated from domestic cats in Brazil. The present study reports the first molecular detection of a phylogenetically related A. phagocytophilum bacterium in a bird from Paraná State

Ética na publicação de pesquisas sobre leishmaniose visceral humana em periódicos nacionais

OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos éticos dos artigos nacionais sobre leishmaniose visceral humana publicados após a Resolução CNS 196/1996 e analisar a política de periódicos brasileiros sobre ética em pesquisa. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório de natureza bibliográfica e documental. A seleção das publicações sobre pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos foi realizada na base SciELO Brasil a partir de 1996. Foram analisadas lacunas relacionadas às políticas editoriais dos periódicos médicos a partir de informações obtidas da seção "Instruções aos autores" de cada periódico. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, enquanto no primeiro quadriênio (1997 a 2000) nenhum artigo mencionou o cumprimento dos aspectos éticos, no ano de 2009 do quadriênio (2009 a 2012), 75% cumpriram pelo menos uma das orientações éticas avaliadas. Seis em 11 periódicos indicaram que as informações sobre os aspectos éticos deveriam ser citadas no corpo do artigo. Três periódicos fizeram exigências quanto ao envio de carta ou documento assinado pelo(s) autor(es) informando o cumprimento dos aspectos; dois solicitaram cópia do documento de obtenção do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido; um explicitou a necessidade do envio de cópia da autorização da aprovação pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa; e em quatro periódicos analisados não foi identificada nenhuma exigência sobre aspectos éticos. CONCLUSÕES: Houve melhora em relação à descrição do cumprimento dos aspectos éticos nos artigos. Sugere-se a padronização das orientações éticas relacionadas à pesquisa com seres humanos nos periódicos nacionais. Isso pode estimular o cumprimento dos pressupostos de documentos que regem a experimentação humana

Whole organisms or pure compounds? entourage effect versus drug specificity

As the therapeutic use of sacred plants and fungi becomes increasingly accepted by Western medicine, a tug of war has been taking place between those who advocate the traditional consumption of whole organisms and those who defend exclusively the utilization of purified compounds. The attempt to reduce organisms to single active principles is challenged by the sheer complexity of traditional medicine. Ayahuasca, for example, is a concoction of at least two plant species containing multiple psychoactive substances with complex interactions. Similarly, cannabis contains dozens of psychoactive substances whose specific combinations in different strains correspond to different types of therapeutic and cognitive effects. The “entourage effect” refers to the synergistic effects of the multiple compounds present in whole organisms, which may potentiate clinical efficacy while attenuating side effects. In opposition to this view, mainstream pharmacology is adamant about the need to use purified substances, presumably more specific and safe. In this chapter, I will review the evidence on both sides to discuss the scientific, economic, and political implications of this controversy. The evidence indicates that it is time to embrace the therapeutic complexity of psychedelics.2019-07-3

Ecological phytochemistry of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) plants

The Cerrado (the Brazilian savanna) is one of the vegetation formations of great biodiversity in Brazil and it has experienced strong deforestation and fragmentation. The Cerrado must contain at least 12,000 higher plant species.We discuss the ecological relevance of phytochemical studies carried out on plants from the Cerrado, including examples of phytotoxicity, antifungal, insecticidal and antibacterial activities. The results have been classified according to activity and plant family. The most active compounds have been highlighted and other activities are discussed. A large number of complex biochemical interactions occur in this system. However, only a small fraction of the species has been studied from the phytochemical viewpoint to identify the metabolites responsible for these interactions