Long-term effects of zero pruning on Grenache vines under drought conditions

Under drought conditions the influence of zero pruning (ZP) and hand pruning (HP) on yield, total soluble solids (degrees Brix), sugar production, dry matter production and total leaf area development of Grenache vines (Vitis vinifera L.) was assessed from 1988 to 1996. ZP was superior to HP for yield, sugar production and dry matter production. Total soluble solids were occasionally reduced by ZP. These effects of ZP can be explained by the larger total leaf area. These results are specifically important with regard to low-yield viticulture with a severely limited total leaf area

Estimation of grape quality in vineyards using a new viticultural index

Crop yield, total leaf area, canopy surface area and other vineyard parameters were determined on different 'Tempranillo' and 'Grenache' (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards situated in Rioja appellation (Spain). All parameters were determined during three years. Grape vineyard assessment was performed by Vitur scoresheet, proposed by TARDAGUILA and MARTINEZ DE TODA (2005). The main chemical composition parameters of grape pulp and skin were also determined. The correlations between the viticultural variables and the chemical composition variables of the grapes were also analysed. The parameter that displayed the best correlation with grape phenolic composition was the CSA/Y/ShL parameter, referred to as the Toda Index. This index could be used to estimate the phenolic composition of grapes. It also presented the best correlations with grape quality, estimated using the Vitur score-sheet. These results suggest that, for winegrape vineyard assessment, Vitur score-sheet (necessarily subjective) may be replaced with the new Toda index (faster and objective). The main advantage of this new parameter is that it is easy to determine and is completely objective, unlike visual estimation which offers a high degree of subjectivity.

Leaf area reduction by trimming, a growing technique to restore the anthocyanins : sugars ratio decoupled by the warming climate

The aim of this work is the evaluation of the leaf area reduction by trimming, as a growing technique to restore the anthocyanins : sugars ratio decoupled by the warming climate. A 3-year period (2010-2012) severe shoot trimming treatment was done after berryset (berry diameter 3-4 mm) and the veraison date was delayed around 20 days. The grapes were picked at the same level of soluble solids in all the treatments. However, for every year, the trim treatment significatively increased the total anthocyanin content between 8 % and 21 % compared to control. Therefore, delaying the berry ripening process trough the decrease of the leaf area to fruit ratio, could partially restore the anthocyanins : sugars ratio disrupted by elevated temperatures. Although it is necessary to study other trimmings intensities as well as other times of intervention, the shoot trimming treatment could be a very simple technique to delay berry ripening and compensate the effects of climate warming.

PENGARUH LUKUDITAS, KUALITAS AKTIVA, SENSITIVITAS DAN TINGKAT KECUKUPAN MODAL TERHADAP (BOPO) PADA BANK UMUM SWASTA NASIONAL DEVISA

This study aimed to analyze the level of efficiency of the foreign exchange national privatecommercial bank .This study describes the level of efficiency is influenced by several factors. These factors are liquidity, asset quality, sensitivity and level of capital adequacy. The data used in this research is the data obtained from published financial reports on national private commercial bank foreign exchange period in 2010 first quarter to the fourth quarter 2014. LDR, IPR, APB, NPL, IRR, PDN, and ETDEP together don’t significant effect on BOPO on Foreign Exchange National Private Banks.The analytical method used is the associative research. The results provide an explanation that the level of efficiency BOPO on national private commercial bank foreign exchange both in terms of NPL although there is still a shortage, it caused national private foreign exchange commercial bank. Keywords : liquidity, asset quality, sensitivity and level of capital adequacy

Recurrent mutation of IGF signalling genes and distinct patterns of genomic rearrangement in osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignancy of bone that affects children and adults. Here, we present the largest sequencing study of osteosarcoma to date, comprising 112 childhood and adult tumours encompassing all major histological subtypes. A key finding of our study is the identification of mutations in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling genes in 8/112 (7%) of cases. We validate this observation using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in an additional 87 osteosarcomas, with IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) amplification observed in 14% of tumours. These findings may inform patient selection in future trials of IGF1R inhibitors in osteosarcoma. Analysing patterns of mutation, we identify distinct rearrangement profiles including a process characterized by chromothripsis and amplification. This process operates recurrently at discrete genomic regions and generates driver mutations. It may represent an age-independent mutational mechanism that contributes to the development of osteosarcoma in children and adults alike

Direct Transcriptional Consequences of Somatic Mutation in Breast Cancer.

Disordered transcriptomes of cancer encompass direct effects of somatic mutation on transcription, coordinated secondary pathway alterations, and increased transcriptional noise. To catalog the rules governing how somatic mutation exerts direct transcriptional effects, we developed an exhaustive pipeline for analyzing RNA sequencing data, which we integrated with whole genomes from 23 breast cancers. Using X-inactivation analyses, we found that cancer cells are more transcriptionally active than intermixed stromal cells. This is especially true in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors. Overall, 59% of substitutions were expressed. Nonsense mutations showed lower expression levels than expected, with patterns characteristic of nonsense-mediated decay. 14% of 4,234 rearrangements caused transcriptional abnormalities, including exon skips, exon reusage, fusions, and premature polyadenylation. We found productive, stable transcription from sense-to-antisense gene fusions and gene-to-intergenic rearrangements, suggesting that these mutation classes drive more transcriptional disruption than previously suspected. Systematic integration of transcriptome with genome data reveals the rules by which transcriptional machinery interprets somatic mutation

Association of a germline copy number polymorphism of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B with burden of putative APOBEC-dependent mutations in breast cancer.

The somatic mutations in a cancer genome are the aggregate outcome of one or more mutational processes operative through the lifetime of the individual with cancer. Each mutational process leaves a characteristic mutational signature determined by the mechanisms of DNA damage and repair that constitute it. A role was recently proposed for the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases in generating particular genome-wide mutational signatures and a signature of localized hypermutation called kataegis. A germline copy number polymorphism involving APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B, which effectively deletes APOBEC3B, has been associated with modestly increased risk of breast cancer. Here we show that breast cancers in carriers of the deletion show more mutations of the putative APOBEC-dependent genome-wide signatures than cancers in non-carriers. The results suggest that the APOBEC3A-APOBEC3B germline deletion allele confers cancer susceptibility through increased activity of APOBEC-dependent mutational processes, although the mechanism by which this increase in activity occurs remains unknown.We would like to thank the Wellcome Trust for support (grant reference 098051). SN-Z is a Wellcome-Beit Prize Fellow and is supported through a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship (grant reference WT100183MA). PJC is personally funded through a Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Research Fellowship (grant reference WT088340MA). NB is an EHA fellow and is supported by a Lady Tata Memorial Trust award. The H.L. Holmes Award from the National Research Council Canada and an EMBO Fellowship supports AS

Human Health Risk Assessment For Arsenic: A Critical Review

Millions of people are exposed to arsenic resulting in a range of health implications.This paper provides an up-to-date review of the different sources of arsenic (water, soil and food), indicators of human exposure (biomarker assessment of hair, nail, urine and blood), epidemiological and toxicological studies on carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes, and risk assessment approaches. The review demonstrates a need for more work evaluating the risks of different arsenic species such as; arsenate, arsenite monomethylarsonic acid, monomethylarsonous acid, dimethylarsinic acid and dimethylarsinous acid as well as a need to better integrate the different exposure sources in risk assessments

The life history of 21 breast cancers.

Cancer evolves dynamically as clonal expansions supersede one another driven by shifting selective pressures, mutational processes, and disrupted cancer genes. These processes mark the genome, such that a cancer's life history is encrypted in the somatic mutations present. We developed algorithms to decipher this narrative and applied them to 21 breast cancers. Mutational processes evolve across a cancer's lifespan, with many emerging late but contributing extensive genetic variation. Subclonal diversification is prominent, and most mutations are found in just a fraction of tumor cells. Every tumor has a dominant subclonal lineage, representing more than 50% of tumor cells. Minimal expansion of these subclones occurs until many hundreds to thousands of mutations have accumulated, implying the existence of long-lived, quiescent cell lineages capable of substantial proliferation upon acquisition of enabling genomic changes. Expansion of the dominant subclone to an appreciable mass may therefore represent the final rate-limiting step in a breast cancer's development, triggering diagnosis